APrf Niro Wellalage
Associate Professor of Finance
School of Accounting and Finance
College of Business and Law
Eligible to supervise Masters and PhD - email supervisor to discuss availability.
Dr. Nirosha Wellalage is an Associate Professor at the Adelaide University, specialising in corporate finance, insurance economics, pension systems, and FinTech. She serves as Graduate Research Coordinator in School of Accounting and Finance at the Adelaide University. She holds a PhD in Corporate Governance from the University of Waikato (New Zealand), an MBA from Keele University (UK), and a BSc (First Class Honours) in Management Information Systems from the National University of Ireland, Dublin.
Her research sits at the intersection of financial systems, social inclusion, and sustainable development, with a particular focus on how underserved populations — including women, micro-entrepreneurs, and informal sector participants — engage with formal financial systems. A central thread of this work examines access to long-term financial instruments, including insurance products and pension schemes, and the structural conditions that either enable or obstruct their uptake in emerging economies, directly informing policy priorities around long-term capital mobilisation, financial sector deepening, and inclusive growth.
Dr. Wellalage brings extensive experience applying a Gender Equality, Disability and Social Inclusion (GEDSI) lens to financial systems research. Her empirical work explores how structural factors — including gender inequality, institutional quality, political connections, and firm ownership structures — shape financial access and firm performance across emerging markets. Her research on women-owned enterprises and financial inclusion in Southeast Asia has generated policy-relevant insights supporting inclusive financial sector development, complemented by collaborative work with institutions across emerging economies and doctoral examination in South Asian and Southeast Asian financial governance.
Her research is internationally recognised, with nearly 3,000 citations on Google Scholar and a global ranking in the top 3% of female economists (IDEAS/RePEc, based on the past decade of publications). She has received several prestigious awards, including the International Corporate Governance Network (ICGN) Outstanding Scholar Award, the ICAI International Research Award (Finance Stream), the Young Researcher Award from the Baku World Science Forum, and the Early Career Research Excellence Award from the Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand (MSSANZ).
Dr. Wellalage has strong track record translating research evidence into policy and practice, having served as a consultant to the World Bank's Business Enabling Environment Project and the Inter-American Development Bank's Housing and Urban Development Division on women's access to mortgage markets in Latin America and the Caribbean. These engagements reflect her capacity to bridge academic knowledge with the needs of international development institutions and government partners.
She brings substantial experience in university teaching, curriculum design, and executive education for professional and government audiences, with programs designed to translate research evidence into actionable policy and institutional reform frameworks. She has developed industry-focused micro-credential programs, including recent work with the Governance Institute of Australia, and her teaching excellence has been recognised through the Teaching Collaboration and Peer Support Award at UniSA Business. An experienced international educator, she has delivered teaching and training across Australia, New Zealand, China, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Indonesia, and has examined doctoral and master's theses across Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. Her current doctoral supervision includes research on the lived experiences of older Australians carrying mortgage debt into retirement — work that connects directly to the policy challenges of long-term financial security and retirement income adequacy. Her work reflects a sustained commitment to advancing inclusive, resilient financial systems in emerging economies — bridging academic research with policy and practice at every level.
RECENT GRANTS
2023-2024-Non-binary Individuals and Financial Wellbeing in Australia, Accounting And Finance Association of Australia And New Zealand Limited, 01/07/2023 - 30/06/2024
2021-2023-Ongoing: Lottery Community Sector Research; Project Title: Economic integration of refugees
Co-researchers-Dr R. Helen Samujh, Refugee Orientation Centre Trust, New Zealand, Dr. Herb De Varies, University of Canterbury and Dr.Nadeera Ranbahu, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
2021-2022: Accounting and Finance Association in Australia and New Zealand (AFAANZ); Project Title: “Building wellbeing via financial empowerment: The case of Māori youth in Aotearoa/New Zealand”
Co-researchers-Dr Vijay Kumar, University of Waikato, New Zealand
2019-2020: Accounting and Finance Association in Australia and New Zealand (AFAANZ); Project Title: The Indigenous model of business sustainability: Learning from Indigenous Knowledge
Co-researcher - Dr. Anura De Zoysa, The University of Wollongong, Australia
2018-2019: Waikato Management School Research Trust Contestable Fund Project Title: Does ICT reduce the gender gap in financial inclusion?
Co-researcher - Dr. Gazi Hassan , The University of Waikato, New Zealand
2018-2019: Waikato University Summer Research Project; Project Title: Impact of ICT on financial inclusion for women refugees
2018-2019: Waikato University Summer Research Project; Project Title: Financial services and products suitable for refugees
AWARDS
2019: Early Career Research Excellence Award
Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand
2018: Publication Award- Waikato Management School
2014: Young Researcher Award- Baku World Science Forum
Baku World Sciences Forum 2014 for Young Researchers (Economics and Social science stream)
2012: Alastair Ross Goobey Memorial (ARG) Scholarship
The Alastair Ross Goobey Memorial Scholarship aims to provide the financial assistance necessary to encourage and develop the emergent corporate governance leaders of the future.
2012: International Corporate Governance Network (ICGN) Outstanding Scholar Award
| Year | Citation |
|---|---|
| 2026 | Cingillioglu, I., & Wellalage, N. (2026). The digital tightrope: balancing value and ethics in hotel transformation. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, 17(3), 801-821. Scopus2 WoS3 |
| 2026 | Kijkasiwat, P., Wellalage, N. H., & Locke, S. (2026). Signal transfer in symbiotic relations: the mediating effects of inter-firm relationships and business-bank relations. Global Business and Economics Review, 34(3), 352-372. |
| 2025 | Hunjra, A. I., Azam, M., Wellalage, N. H., & Mishra, T. (2025). Inflation bites: The dynamic interdependence between financial market volatility and energy consumption during pandemic. International Review of Economics and Finance, 104, 29 pages. Scopus1 WoS1 |
| 2025 | Reddy, K., Wallace, D., & Wellalage, N. H. (2025). The impact of financial literacy on financial inclusion. Australian Journal of Management, 5(528), 1-28. Scopus6 WoS3 |
| 2025 | Benjamin, S. J., Wellalage, N., Biswas, P. K., & Wasiuzzaman, S. (2025). Do negative social media sentiments affect firm risk?. Accounting Research Journal, 38(2), 190-207. Scopus4 WoS4 |
| 2025 | Islam, T., Arunachalum, M., Wellalage, N., & Benjamin, S. (2025). Corporate environmental performance leading financial performance: impacts of social media sentiment and corporate reputation. Business Strategy And The Environment, 34(4), 4274-4290. Scopus17 WoS17 |
| 2025 | Rasool, N., Arunachalam, M., Wellalage, N. H., & Kumar, V. (2025). Unveiling the relationship between ESG and growth of unlisted firms: empirical insights from Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Business Strategy And The Environment, 34(5), 5669-5686. Scopus12 WoS9 |
| 2025 | Wellalage, N., Wallace, D., & Reddy, K. (2025). Access to finance: the role of production level technology. Finance Research Letters, 71(106460), 1-8. Scopus2 WoS1 |
| 2024 | Zhang, D., Wellalage, N., & Fernandez, V. (2024). Temporary employment and financial distress in times of crisis. Journal of Risk Finance, 25(4), 602-628. Scopus5 WoS5 |
| 2024 | Kijkasiwat, P., Cave, J., Wellalage, N. H., & Locke, S. (2024). Forecasting symbiosis in tourism enterprise networks: Monte Carlo simulation of risk and return. International Journal of Services, Economics and Management, 15(1), 63-83. Scopus2 |
| 2023 | Reddy, K., & Wellalage, N. H. (2023). Effects of family ownership and family management on the performance of entrepreneurial firms. Research in International Business and Finance, 65(101977), 1-14. Scopus13 WoS12 |
| 2023 | Wellalage, N. H., Zoysa, A. D., & Ma, S. (2023). Corporate cash holdings and firm performance in India: an empirical investigation of the effects of audit quality and firm growth. American Business Review, 26(1), 122-147. Scopus6 |
| 2023 | Wellalage, N., Reddy, K., & Wallace, D. (2023). Environmental performance and the role of government support: evidence from the recent COVID-19 pandemic. Finance Research Letters, 58(104318), 1-11. Scopus6 WoS6 |
| 2023 | Wellalage, N. H., Fernandez, V., & Bui, T. Q. T. (2023). Immigration and entrepreneurship: is there a uniform relationship across countries?. International Review of Economics and Finance, 85, 270-285. Scopus19 WoS15 |
| 2022 | Agyekum, F. K., Reddy, K., Wallace, D., & Wellalage, N. H. (2022). Does technological inclusion promote financial inclusion among SMEs? Evidence from South-East Asian (SEA) countries. Global Finance Journal, 53(1000618), 1-15. Scopus36 WoS31 |
| 2022 | Wellalage, N. H., Kumar, V., Hunjra, A. I., & Al Faryan, M. A. S. (2022). Environmental performance and firm financing during COVID-19 outbreaks: evidence from SMEs. Finance Research Letters, 47(102568), 1-8. Scopus70 WoS58 Europe PMC7 |
| 2022 | Zhang, D., Wellalage, N. H., & Fernandez, V. (2022). Environmental assurance, gender, and access to finance: evidence from SMEs. International Review of Financial Analysis, 83(102326), 1-14. Scopus23 WoS23 |
| 2022 | Zhang, D., & Wellalage, N. H. (2022). Comparative analysis of environmental performance measures and their impact on firms' financing choices. Journal of Cleaner Production, 375(134176), 1-11. Scopus21 WoS17 |
| 2022 | Wellalage, N. H., Boubaker, S., Hunjra, A. I., & Verhoeven, P. (2022). The gender gap in access to finance: evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic. Finance Research Letters, 46(102329), 1-9. Scopus49 WoS35 Europe PMC3 |
| 2022 | Wellalage, N. H., Thrikawala, S., & Ghardallou, W. (2022). Political connections, family ownership and access to bank credit. Finance Research Letters, 50(103347), 1-8. Scopus13 WoS12 |
| 2022 | Benjamin, S. J., Biswas, P. K., Wellalage, N. H., & Man, Y. (2022). Environmental disclosure and its relation to waste performance. Meditari Accountancy Research, 31(6), 1545-1577. Scopus24 WoS22 |
| 2022 | Wellalage, N. H., Boubaker, S., Hunjra, A. I., & Verhoeven, P. (2022). The Gender Gap in Access to Finance: Evidence from the COVID-19 Pandemic. SSRN Electronic Journal. |
| 2022 | Wellalage, N. H., Kumar, V., Hunjra, A. I., & Al-Faryan, M. A. S. (2022). Environmental Performance and Firm Financing during COVID-19 Outbreaks: Evidence from SMEs. SSRN Electronic Journal. |
| 2022 | Kijkasiwat, P., Cave, J., Hewa Wellalage, N., & Locke, S. (2022). Synergistic model to boost business performance: a New Zealand case study. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 29(2), 241-260. Scopus1 WoS1 |
| 2021 | Wellalage, N., & Thrikawala, S. (2021). Does bribery sand or grease the wheels of firm level innovation: evidence from Latin American countries. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 31(3), 891-929. Scopus27 WoS24 |
| 2021 | Wellalage, N. H., & Kumar, V. (2021). Environmental performance and bank lending: evidence from unlisted firms. Business Strategy and the Environment, 30(7), 3309-3329. Scopus77 WoS70 |
| 2021 | Wellalage, N. H., Hunjra, A. I., Manita, R., & Locke, S. M. (2021). Information communication technology and financial inclusion of innovative entrepreneurs. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 163(120416), 1-13. Scopus68 WoS49 |
| 2021 | Kijkasiwat, P., Wellalage, N. H., & Locke, S. (2021). The impact of symbiotic relations on the performance of micro, small and medium enterprises in a small-town context: the perspective of risk and return. Research in International Business and Finance, 56(101388), 1-19. Scopus16 WoS14 |
| 2021 | Wellalage, N. H., & Thrikawala, S. (2021). Bank credit, microfinance and female ownership: are women more disadvantaged than men?. Finance Research Letters, 42(101929), 1-8. Scopus40 WoS33 |
| 2020 | Hewa Wellalage, N., Locke, S., & Samujh, H. (2020). Firm bribery and credit access: evidence from Indian SMEs. Small Business Economics: an entrepreneurship journal, 55(1), 283-304. Scopus64 WoS55 |
| 2020 | Wellalage, N. H., & Reddy, K. (2020). Determinants of profit reinvestment undertaken by SMEs in the small island countries. Global Finance Journal, 43(100394), 1-13. Scopus12 WoS9 |
| 2020 | Wellalage, N. H., Fernandez, V., & Thrikawala, S. (2020). Corruption and innovation in private firms: does gender matter?. International Review of Financial Analysis, 70(101500), 1-14. Scopus46 WoS22 |
| 2020 | Wellalage, N. H., & Locke, S. (2020). Formal credit and innovation: is there a uniform relationship across types of innovation?. International Review of Economics and Finance, 70, 1-15. Scopus19 WoS18 |
| 2020 | Wellalage, N. H., & Locke, S. (2020). Remittance and financial inclusion in refugee migrants: inverse probability of treatment weighting using the propensity score. Applied Economics, 52(9), 929-950. Scopus11 WoS12 |
| 2020 | Benjamin, S. J., Regasa, D. G., Wellalage, N. H., & Marathamuthu, M. S. M. (2020). Waste disclosure and corporate cash holdings. Applied Economics, 52(49), 5399-5412. Scopus29 WoS29 |
| 2019 | Wellalage, N. H., Locke, S., & Samujh, H. (2019). Corruption, gender and credit constraints: evidence from South Asian SMEs. Journal of Business Ethics, 159(1), 267-280. Scopus74 WoS66 |
| 2019 | Wellalage, N. H., & Fernandez, V. (2019). Innovation and SME finance: evidence from developing countries. International Review of Financial Analysis, 66(101370), 1-14. Scopus147 WoS131 |
| 2018 | Wellalage, N., Locke, S., & Acharya, S. (2018). Does the composition of boards of directors impact on CSR scores?. Social Responsibility Journal, 14(3), 651-669. Scopus25 WoS18 |
| 2018 | Wellalage, N. H., & Locke, S. (2018). Do female directors create value for the shareholders? Case study of New Zealand publicly listed companies. International Journal of Corporate Governance, 9(4), 347. |
| 2018 | Wellalage, N. H., & Locke, S. (2018). Do female directors create value for the shareholders? Case study of New Zealand publicly listed companies. International Journal of Corporate Governance, 9(4), 347. |
| 2017 | Wellalage, N., & Locke, S. (2017). Access to credit by SMEs in South Asia: do women entrepreneurs face discrimination. Research in International Business and Finance, 41, 336-346. Scopus77 WoS58 |
| 2016 | Hewa Wellalage, N., & Locke, S. (2016). Closely held family business agency costs between owners. International Journal of Corporate Governance, 7(4), 287. |
| 2016 | Jha, D. K., Locke, S., & Wellalage, N. H. (2016). Governance and regulatory issues: microfinance and development of rural communities in Nepal.. Corporate Ownership and Control, 13(3), 491-501. |
| 2016 | Wellalage, N. H., & Locke, S. (2016). Closely held family business agency costs between owners. International Journal of Corporate Governance, 7(4), 287. |
| 2016 | Hewa Wellalage, N., & Locke, S. (2016). Informality and credit constraints: evidence from Sub-Saharan African MSEs. Applied Economics, 48(29), 2756-2770. Scopus51 WoS47 |
| 2015 | Wellalage, N. H., & Locke, S. (2015). Impact of ownership structure on capital structure of new zealand unlisted firms. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 22(1), 127-142. Scopus13 WoS8 |
| 2014 | Wellalage, N. H., & Locke, S. (2014). Capital structure choice: a case study on New Zealand's unlisted firms. American J. of Finance and Accounting, 3(2/3/4), 93. |
| 2014 | Wellalage, N. H., & Locke, S. (2014). The Capital Structure of Sri Lankan Companies: A Quantile Regression Analysis. Journal of Asia Pacific Business, 15(3), 211-230. Scopus17 |
| 2013 | Wellalage, N. H., & Locke, S. (2013). Corporate governance, board diversity and firm financial performance: New evidence from Sri Lanka. International Journal of Business Governance and Ethics, 8(2), 116-136. Scopus43 |
| 2013 | Wellalage, N. H., & Locke, S. (2013). Capital structure and its determinants in New Zealand firms. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 14(5), 852-866. Scopus12 WoS11 |
| 2013 | Wellalage, N. H., & Locke, S. (2013). Women on board, firm financial performance and agency costs. Asian Journal of Business Ethics, 2(2), 113-127. Scopus80 WoS58 |
| 2012 | Wellalage, N. H., Locke, S., & Scrimgeour, F. (2012). Does one size fit all? An empirical investigation of board structure on family firms' financial performance. Afro Asian Journal of Finance and Accounting, 3(2), 182-194. Scopus12 |
| 2011 | Wellalage, N. H., & Locke, S. (2011). Agency costs, ownership structure and corporate governance mechanisms: A case study in New Zealand unlisted small companies. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 78(3), 178-192. Scopus6 |
| 2011 | Hewa Wellalage, N., & Locke, S. (2011). Does CEO duality is really matter? Evidence from an emerging market. Corporate Ownership and Control, 8(4 A), 112-122. Scopus17 |
| 2011 | Wellalage, N. H., & Locke, S. (2011). Does CEO duality is really matter? Evidence from an emerging market. Corporate Ownership and Control, 8(4), 112-122. |
| - | Hewa Wellalage, N., & Locke, S. (n.d.). Capital Structure Choice: A Case Study on New Zealand Unlisted Firms. SSRN Electronic Journal. |
| - | Hewa Wellalage, N. (n.d.). Women on Board, Firm Financial Performance and Agency Costs. SSRN Electronic Journal. |
| - | Hewa Wellalage, N., & Thrikawala, S. (n.d.). Does bribery sand or grease the wheels of firm level innovation: Evidence from Latin American countries. SSRN Electronic Journal. |
| - | Man, Y., Locke, S., & Hewa Wellalage, N. (n.d.). Earnings Management and Agency Costs: Evidence from China. SSRN Electronic Journal. |
| - | Hewa Wellalage, N., & Locke, S. (n.d.). Informality and Credit Constraints: Evidence from Sub-Saharan African MSEs. SSRN Electronic Journal. |
| - | Fauzi, F., Hewa-Wellalage, N., & Locke, S. (2012). The Global Financial Crisis’ Impact on Short-term Performance of IPO: The Case Study of New Zealand Firms’ IPOs. Asian Journal of Finance & Accounting, 4(2). |
| - | Hewa Wellalage, N., & Locke, S. (2018). Agency Costs and Ownership Structure in New Zealand Unlisted Small Businesses. SSRN Electronic Journal. |
| - | Reddy, K., Wellalage, N. H., & Wang, Z. (n.d.). Corporate Governance Practices of Family Firms in Europe and Firm Financial Performance. SSRN Electronic Journal. |
| - | Fauzi, F., Hewa Wellalage, N., & Locke, S. (n.d.). The Global Financial Crisis’ Impact on Short-Term Performance of IPO: The Case Study of New Zealand Firms’ IPOs. SSRN Electronic Journal. |
| - | Hewa Wellalage, N., Locke, S., & Scrimgeour, F. (2012). The Global Financial Crisis Impact on Ethnic Diversity of Sri Lanka Boards. Asian Journal of Finance & Accounting, 4(1). |
| - | Abidin, S., Hewa Wellalage, N., Yu, Y., & Zhao, Z. (n.d.). Do Positive P/E Firms and Negative P/E Firms Differ in Characteristics and Performance?. SSRN Electronic Journal. |
| - | Hewa Wellalage, N., Locke, S., & Scrimgeour, F. (n.d.). The Global Financial Crisis Impact on Ethnic Diversity of Sri Lanka Boards. SSRN Electronic Journal. |
| - | Hewa Wellalage, N., & Locke, S. (n.d.). A dynamic estimation of governance structures and financial performance for Singaporean companies. SSRN Electronic Journal. |
| Year | Citation |
|---|---|
| 2024 | Ranabahu, N., Samujh, R. H., Rajapakshe, S., Wellalage, N. H., & de Vries, H. P. (2024). Dreamers, delayers, or doers: Entrepreneurial intentions and behaviours of former refugees in New Zealand. In N. Ranabahu, H. P. Vries, & R. T. Hamilton (Eds.), Source details - Title: Refugee Entrepreneurship: A Research Companion (pp. 51-70). US: Taylor and Francis. DOI Scopus1 |
| 2018 | Locke, S. M., & Hewa-Wellalage, N. (2018). The impact of institutional factors on female and male owned firm financing: Evidence from South Asian Countries. In Gender and Diversity Concepts Methodologies Tools and Applications (Vol. 4, pp. 1720-1738). IGI Global. DOI |
| 2016 | Agyekum, F. K., Locke, S., & Wellalage, N. H. (2016). Does financial accessibility and inclusion promote economic growth in low income countries (LICs)?. In Financial Performance Analysis Measures and Impact on Economic Growth (pp. 99-135). Scopus2 |
| Year | Citation |
|---|---|
| 2019 | Wellalage, N. H. (2019). Petty corruption on firm level innovation of MSMEs: Evidence from emerging economies. In 23rd International Congress on Modelling and Simulation Supporting Evidence Based Decision Making the Role of Modelling and Simulation Modsim 2019 (pp. 1188-1193). |
| 2016 | Wellalage, N., & Locke, S. (2016). Closely held family business agency costs between owners. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Management Leadership and Governance Icmlg 2016 (pp. 377-382). RUSSIA, St Petersburg State Univ Econ, Saint Petersburg: ACAD CONFERENCES LTD. |
| 2015 | Abidin, S., Wellalage, N., & Chowdhury, I. (2015). Modelling the linkages between dividend policy and future earnings. In T. Weber, M. J. McPhee, & R. S. Anderssen (Eds.), Proceedings 21st International Congress on Modelling and Simulation Modsim 2015 (pp. 1105-1111). AUSTRALIA, Gold Coast: MODELLING & SIMULATION SOC AUSTRALIA & NEW ZEALAND INC. |
| 2015 | Wellalage, N. H., Abidin, S., & Wang, L. (2015). Quantitative measurement of contagion effects during a Global Financial Crisis: Evidence from selected countries. In T. Weber, M. J. McPhee, & R. S. Anderssen (Eds.), Proceedings 21st International Congress on Modelling and Simulation Modsim 2015 (pp. 1050-1055). AUSTRALIA, Gold Coast: MODELLING & SIMULATION SOC AUSTRALIA & NEW ZEALAND INC. |
| 2013 | Cave, J., Locke, S., Hewa Wellalage, N., & Gupta, K. (2013). International travel and leisure company performance : key yield ratios. In J. Fountain, & K. Moore (Eds.), CAUTHE 2013: Tourism and Global Change: On the Edge of Something Big (pp. 69-85). New Zealand: Lincoln University. DOI |
| Year | Citation |
|---|---|
| 2020 | Wellalage, N. H., & Kumar, V. (2020). Does it pay to be green? Environmental performance and firm financing during COVID-19 outbreaks. DOI |
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Cross-Disciplinary Decision-Making Framework across Economics, Finance and Accounting, College of Business and Law Learning and Teaching Grant-Adelaide University, 2026-2027
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Financial literacy and safer, more secure futures, Centre for Markets, Values and Inclusion (CMVI) at the University of South Australia, 2025
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Non-binary Individuals and Financial Wellbeing in Australia, Accounting And Finance Association of Australia And New Zealand Limited, 01/07/2023 - 30/06/2024
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Building wellbeing via financial empowerment: The case of Māori youth in Aotearoa/New Zealand, Accounting and Finance Association in Australia and New Zealand (AFAANZ), 2021-2022
Courses I teach
- BANK 5054 International Perspectives in FinTech (2025)
- INFS 5128 Data Visualisation and Communication for Business Professionals (2025)
- INFS 5130 Fundamentals of Data Analytics for Business (2025)
- BANK 5054 International Perspectives in FinTech (2024)
- INFS 5128 Data Visualisation and Communication for Business Professionals (2024)
| Date | Role | Research Topic | Program | Degree Type | Student Load | Student Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 | Principal Supervisor | Lived experiences of older Australians with a mortgage debt | Doctor of Philosophy | Doctorate | Part Time | Miss Arti Jhuremalani |
Available For Media Comment.