Dr Mark McMillan
Grant-Funded Researcher (A)
Adelaide Medical School
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences
Eligible to supervise Masters and PhD (as Co-Supervisor) - email supervisor to discuss availability.
Mark McMillan moved from a clinical background as a Registered Nurse, working across a broad range of disciplines, including Aboriginal primary health care, infection control, renal dialysis, rehabilitation, public health, high dependency, and tropical infectious diseases. In 2008, he began his research career at the Menzies School of Health Research in Darwin. In 2013, he joined the Vaccine Trials Research Unit at the Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide.
Dr. McMillan completed his PhD in May 2021, receiving a Dean’s Commendation and The Alice Davey Award for his work on meningococcal carriage and disease, which contributed to national immunisation strategies for meningococcal B disease.
Since 2020, Dr. McMillan has led the Vaccine Program Evaluation team at the Women's and Children's Hospital, conducting commissioned reviews for SA Health, including evaluations of South Australia's COVID-19 vaccine program and school immunisation program. He has also led three commissioned evaluations and drafting of advice for the Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation (ATAGI).
Dr. McMillan is a Chief Investigator (CIJ) on the Centre for Research Excellence in Neisseria Disease Control (NEIS CRE), which focuses on developing public health strategies to reduce the burden of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) and gonorrhoea. In 2023, he was awarded the Women’s & Children’s Hospital Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship to investigate the long-term effects of COVID-19 and influenza infection on the health and wellbeing of children and adolescents.
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Appointments
Date Position Institution name 2023 - ongoing Research Fellow - Lead of Vaccine Program Evaluation University of Adelaide 2014 - 2023 Research Associate University of Adelaide 2013 - 2014 Research Fellow University of Adelaide 2010 - 2013 Continuous Quality Improvement Coordinator Watto Purrunna Aboriginal Primary Health Care 2009 - 2010 Senior Policy Officer and Co-ordinator Centre for Disease Control 2007 - 2009 Research Officer Menzies School of Health Menzies School of Health Research -
Postgraduate Training
Date Title Institution Country 2017 - 2021 Doctor of Philosophy University of Adelaide Australia 2015 - 2016 Graduate Certificate in Epidemiology University of Queensland Australia 2012 - 2014 Master of Clinical Science University of Adelaide Australia 2008 - 2010 Graduate Diploma Health Promotion Deakin University Australia -
Certifications
Date Title Institution name Country 1989 Registered Nurse Queen Elizabeth Hospital Australia -
Research Interests
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Journals
Year Citation 2025 Pham-Tran, D. D., Leong, L. E. X., McMillan, M., Lawrence, A., Mohammed, H., Finn, A., & Marshall, H. S. (2025). The lack of specificity of sodC-based PCR for the detection of Neisseria meningitidis carriage in pharyngeal swabs from adolescents. Microbiology Spectrum, 13(5), 8 pages.
2025 Wang, B., Giles, L., Andraweera, P., McMillan, M., Beazley, R., Almond GradCert, S., . . . Marshall, H. (2025). Long-term protection against invasive meningococcal B disease and gonococcal infection five years after implementation of funded childhood and adolescent 4CMenB vaccination program in South Australia: an observational cohort and case-control study. . Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, ciaf372.
2024 Leong, L. E. X., Coldbeck-Shackley, R. C., McMillan, M., Bratcher, H. B., Turra, M., Lawrence, A., . . . Marshall, H. (2024). The genomic epidemiology of Neisseria meningitidis carriage from a randomised controlled trial of 4CMenB vaccination in an asymptomatic adolescent population. Lancet Regional Health Western Pacific, 43, 10 pages.
Scopus32024 Milazzo, A., McMillan, M., Giles, L., Page, K., Flood, L., & Marshall, H. (2024). The geographic distribution of invasive meningococcal disease and carriage: A spatial analysis. Epidemiology and Infection, 152, e22-1-e22-11.
2024 McMillan, M., Mohammed, H., Bednarz, J., Leong, L. E. X., Lawrence, A., Sullivan, T. R., . . . Marshall, H. S. (2024). Longitudinal study of meningococcal carriage in adolescents and young adults in South Australia 2017-2020.. The Journal of infection, 88(2), S0163-4453(24)00021-5.
Scopus1 Europe PMC12024 Mohammed, H., Peut, C., McMillan, M., Wang, B., Sullivan, T. R., & Marshall, H. S. (2024). THE ROLE OF SCHOOLS IN MENINGOCOCCAL CARRIAGE AMONG ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA.. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 43(7), e249-e251.
2024 Marshall, H., Ward, J., Wang, B., Andraweera, P., McMillan, M., Flood, L., . . . Lahra, M. M. (2024). Comprehensive observational study evaluating the enduring effectiveness of 4CMenB, the meningococcal B vaccine against gonococcal infections in the Northern Territory and South Australia, Australia: study protocol. BMJ Open, 14(5), 8 pages.
Scopus12024 McMillan, M., McDonough, J., Angliss, M., Buttery, J., Saunders, L., Mathew, S. M., . . . Marshall, H. S. (2024). Exploring the Health-Related Quality of Life and the Lived Experience of Adolescents Following Invasive Meningococcal Disease. Healthcare Switzerland, 12(11), 15 pages.
Scopus2 Europe PMC12024 Wang, B., Mohammed, H., Andraweera, P., McMillan, M., & Marshall, H. (2024). Vaccine effectiveness and impact of meningococcal vaccines against gonococcal infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Infection, 89(3), 10 pages.
Scopus6 Europe PMC42024 Wang, B., Giles, L., Andraweera, P., McMillan, M., Beazley, R., Sisnowski, J., . . . Marshall, H. (2024). Long-term 4CMenB vaccine effectiveness against gonococcal infection at four years post program implementation: observational case-control study. Open Forum Infectious Diseases, 12(1), ofae726-1-ofae726-7.
2023 Mohammed, H., Pham-Tran, D. D., Yeoh, Z. Y. M., Wang, B., McMillan, M., Andraweera, P. H., & Marshall, H. S. (2023). A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Real-World Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines against Infection, Symptomatic and Severe COVID-19 Disease Caused by the Omicron Variant (B.1.1.529). Vaccines, 11(2), 1-19.
Scopus34 WoS3 Europe PMC302023 Yanni, M., Stark, M., Francis, L., Francis, J. R., McMillan, M., Baird, R., . . . Marshall, H. S. (2023). Neonatal Group B Streptococcal Infection in Australia: A Case-control Study.. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 42(5), 429-435.
Scopus2 WoS1 Europe PMC22023 Wang, B., Giles, L., Andraweera, P., McMillan, M., Almond, S., Beazley, R., . . . Marshall, H. (2023). 4CMenB sustained vaccine effectiveness against invasive meningococcal B disease and gonorrhoea at three years post program implementation. Journal of Infection, 87(2), 95-102.
Scopus35 Europe PMC302022 McMillan, M., Marshall, H. S., & Richmond, P. (2022). 4CMenB vaccine and its role in preventing transmission and inducing herd immunity. Expert Review of Vaccines, 21(1), 103-114.
Scopus6 WoS2 Europe PMC62022 Wang, B., Giles, L., Andraweera, P., McMillan, M., Almond, S., Beazley, R., . . . Marshall, H. (2022). Effectiveness and impact of the 4CMenB vaccine against invasive serogroup B meningococcal disease and gonorrhoea in an infant, child, and adolescent programme: an observational cohort and case-control study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 22(7), 1011-1020.
Scopus69 WoS20 Europe PMC592022 McMillan, M., Bednarz, J., Leong, L. E. X., Lawrence, A., & Marshall, H. S. (2022). Impact of COVID-19 Containment Strategies and Meningococcal Conjugate ACWY Vaccination on Meningococcal Carriage in Adolescents. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 41(11), e468-e474.
Scopus7 WoS1 Europe PMC62022 McMillan, M., Koehler, A. P., Lawrence, A., Sullivan, T. R., Bednarz, J., MacLennan, J. M., . . . Marshall, H. S. (2022). 'B Part of It' School Leaver study: a repeat cross-sectional study to assess the impact of increasing coverage with meningococcal B (4CMenB) vaccine on carriage of Neisseria meningitidis. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 225(4), 637-649.
Scopus8 WoS3 Europe PMC62021 Mohammed, H., McMillan, M., Andraweera, P. H., Elliott, S. R., & Marshall, H. S. (2021). A rapid global review of strategies to improve influenza vaccination uptake in Australia.. Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 17(12), 1-13.
Scopus10 WoS2 Europe PMC102021 Marshall, H. S., Andraweera, P. H., Wang, B., McMillan, M., Koehler, A. P., Lally, N., . . . Flood, L. (2021). Evaluating the effectiveness of the 4CMenB vaccine against invasive meningococcal disease and gonorrhoea in an infant, child and adolescent program: protocol. Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, 17(5), 1450-1454.
Scopus12 WoS7 Europe PMC82021 McMillan, M., Wang, B., Koehler, A. P., Sullivan, T. R., & Marshall, H. S. (2021). Impact of meningococcal B vaccine on invasive meningococcal disease in adolescents.. Clin Infect Dis, 73(1), e233-e237.
Scopus30 WoS10 Europe PMC212021 Mohammed, H., McMillan, M., & Marshall, H. S. (2021). Social and behavioral predictors of two-doses 4CMenB vaccine series among adolescents enrolled in a cluster randomized controlled trial in Australia. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 18(1), 1-9.
WoS12021 McMillan, M., Walters, L., Sullivan, T., Leong, L. E. X., Turra, M., Lawrence, A., . . . Marshall, H. S. (2021). Impact of meningococcal B (4CMenB) vaccine on pharyngeal Neisseria meningitidis carriage density and persistence in adolescents. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 73(1), e99-e106.
Scopus17 WoS11 Europe PMC82020 McMillan, M., Chandrakumar, A., Wang, H. L. R., Clarke, M., Sullivan, T. R., Andrews, R. M., . . . Marshall, H. S. (2020). Effectiveness of meningococcal vaccines at reducing invasive meningococcal disease and pharyngeal Neisseria meningitidis carriage: A systematic review and meta-analysis.. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 73(3), E609-E619.
Scopus47 WoS23 Europe PMC282020 Marshall, H. S., McMillan, M., Koehler, A. P., Lawrence, A., Sullivan, T. R., MacLennan, J. M., . . . Richmond, P. (2020). Meningococcal B vaccine and meningococcal carriage in adolescents in Australia. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(4), 318-327.
Scopus155 WoS108 Europe PMC962020 Menzies, R., Heron, L., Lampard, J., McMillan, M., Joseph, T., Chan, J., . . . Marshall, H. (2020). A randomised controlled trial of SMS messaging and calendar reminders to improve vaccination timeliness in infants. Vaccine, 38(15), 3137-3142.
Scopus14 WoS9 Europe PMC142019 Wooldridge, A. L., McMillan, M., Kaur, M., Giles, L. C., Marshall, H. S., & Gatford, K. L. (2019). Relationship between birth weight or fetal growth rate and postnatal allergy: a systematic review. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 144(6), 1703-1713.
Scopus18 WoS13 Europe PMC152019 Marshall, H., McMillan, M., Wang, B., Booy, R., Afzali, H., Buttery, J., . . . Barton, B. (2019). AMEND study protocol: a case-control study to assess the long-term impact of invasive meningococcal disease in Australian adolescents and young adults.. BMJ Open, 9(12), e032583.
Scopus4 WoS3 Europe PMC32019 McMillan, M., Walters, L., Mark, T., Lawrence, A., Leong, L., Sullivan, T., . . . Marshall, H. (2019). B Part of It study: a longitudinal study to assess carriage of Neisseria meningitidis in first year university students in South Australia. Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, 15(4), 987-994.
Scopus29 WoS19 Europe PMC192019 Mohammed, H., McMillan, M., Roberts, C. T., & Marshall, H. S. (2019). A systematic review of interventions to improve uptake of pertussis vaccination in pregnancy.. PloS one, 14(3), 0214538.
Scopus36 WoS24 Europe PMC232019 Marshall, H., McMillan, M., Koehler, A., Lawrence, A., MacLennan, J., Maiden, M., . . . Vadivelu, K. (2019). B part of it school leaver protocol: An observational repeat cross-sectional study to assess the impact of a meningococcal serogroup b (4cmenb) vaccine programme on carriage of neisseria meningitidis. BMJ Open, 9(5), 1-7.
Scopus8 WoS6 Europe PMC32018 Marshall, H. S., McMillan, M., Koehler, A., Lawrence, A., Maclennan, J. M., Maiden, M. C. J., . . . Vadivelu, K. (2018). B Part of It protocol: A cluster randomised controlled trial to assess the impact of 4CMenB vaccine on pharyngeal carriage of Neisseria meningitidis in adolescents. BMJ Open, 8(7), 9 pages.
Scopus31 WoS19 Europe PMC202017 McMillan, M., Clarke, M., Parrella, A., Fell, D., Amirthalingam, G., & Marshall, H. (2017). Safety of tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis vaccination during pregnancy a systematic review. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 129(3), 560-573.
Scopus87 WoS65 Europe PMC502017 Amdany, H., McMillan, M., & Kiptoo, P. (2017). Antimalarial prescription in a public hospital outpatient setting in Kenya: A best practice implementation project. International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare, 15(1), 30-39.
2016 Marshall, H., McMillan, M., Andrews, R., Macartney, K., & Edwards, K. (2016). Vaccines in pregnancy: the dual benefit for pregnant women and infants. Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, 12(4), 848-856.
Scopus72 WoS53 Europe PMC512016 Da Silva, F. T., Gonik, B., McMillan, M., Keech, C., Dellicour, S., Bhange, S., . . . Munoz, F. M. (2016). Stillbirth: Case definition and guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of maternal immunization safety data. Vaccine, 34(49), 6057-6068.
Scopus129 WoS87 Europe PMC1192016 DeSilva, M., Munoz, F. M., Mcmillan, M., Kawai, A. T., Marshall, H., Macartney, K. K., . . . Kharbanda, E. O. (2016). Congenital anomalies: Case definition and guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of immunization safety data. Vaccine, 34(49), 6015-6026.
Scopus94 WoS52 Europe PMC652016 Wooldridge, A. L., McMillan, M., Marshall, H. S., & Gatford, K. L. (2016). Relationship between birth weight or fetal growth rate and postnatal allergy: a systematic review protocol. JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports, 14(11), 11-20.
Scopus4 Europe PMC12015 McMillan, M., Porritt, K., Kralik, D., Costi, L., & Marshall, H. (2015). Influenza vaccination during pregnancy: a systematic review of fetal death, spontaneous abortion, and congenital malformation safety outcomes. Vaccine, 33(18), 2108-2117.
Scopus128 WoS106 Europe PMC952014 Nyakiba, J., McMillan, M., & Kenyatta, G. (2014). Reporting and documentation of adverse drug reactions by health care professionals at a Kenyan public hospital: a best practice implementation project. JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports, 12(7), 521-533.
2014 McMillan, M., Kralik, D., Porritt, K., & Marshall, H. (2014). Influenza vaccination during pregnancy: A systematic review of effectiveness and safety. JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports, 12(6), 281-381.
Scopus42014 Amdany, H., & McMillan, M. (2014). Metronidazole intravenous formulation use in in-patients in Kapkatet District Hospital, Kenya: A best practice implementation project. JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports, 12(3), 419-432.
Scopus12014 Davis, J., McMillan, M., Swaminathan, A., Kelly, J., Piera, K., Baird, R., . . . Anstey, N. (2014). A 16-year prospective study of community-onset bacteremic Acinetobacter pneumonia. Chest, 146(4), 1038-1045.
Scopus55 WoS45 Europe PMC422012 McMillan, M., Kralik, D., Porritt, K., & Marshall, H. (2012). Influenza vaccination during pregnancy: A systematic review of effectiveness and adverse effects. JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports, 10(56 Suppl), S216-S226.
Scopus1 Europe PMC82011 Davis, J., Cheng, A., Mcmillan, M., Humphrey, A., Stephens, D., & Anstey, N. (2011). Sepsis in the tropical Top End of Australia's Northern Territory: disease burden and impact on Indigenous Australians. Medical Journal of Australia, 194(10), 519-524.
Scopus74 WoS60 Europe PMC582010 McMillan, M., & Davis, J. S. (2010). Acute hospital admission for sepsis: an important but under‐utilised opportunity for smoking cessation interventions. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 34(4), 432-433.
Scopus2 WoS1 Europe PMC12009 Davis, J. S., Yeo, T. W., Thomas, J. H., McMillan, M., Darcy, C. J., McNeil, Y. R., . . . Anstey, N. M. (2009). Sepsis-associated microvascular dysfunction measured by peripheral arterial tonometry: An observational study. Critical Care, 13(5), 9 pages.
Scopus50 WoS45 Europe PMC442008 Davis, J. S., Thomas, J., McMillan, M., Yeo, T., Celermajer, D., Stephens, D., & Anstey, N. M. (2008). Finger reactive hyperaemia to measure endothelial function in sepsis and health (the FRESH study).. Critical care (London, England), 12(Suppl 2), P64.
Europe PMC12000 McMillan, M. (2000). Examining PerlCOM. DR DOBBS JOURNAL, 25(1), 84-+. - Leong, L. E. X., Coldbeck-Shackley, R. C., McMillan, M., Bratcher, H. B., Turra, M., Lawrence, A. J., . . . Marshall, H. S. (n.d.). Effect of 4cmenb Vaccination on the Genomic Epidemiology of Neisseria Meningitidis Oropharyngeal Carriage in an Asymptomatic Adolescent Population. -
Books
Year Citation 2014 Jordan, Z., McArthur, A., & McMillan, M. (2014). Stakeholder Engagement: The Role of Tacit Knowledge and Value Statements in Translation Science. Online: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. -
Conference Items
Year Citation 2022 Yanni, M., Stark, M., Francis, L., Francis, J., McMillan, M., Faeron, D., . . . Marshall, H. (2022). Incidence and risk factors for neonatal group B streptococcal infection in Australia. Poster session presented at the meeting of Communicable Diseases & Immunisation Conference. Sydney. 2022 McMillan, M., Bednarz, J., Leong, L., Lawrence, A., & Marshall, H. (2022). Impact of COVID-19 containment strategies and MenACWY vaccination on carriage of meningococci. Poster session presented at the meeting of Communicable Diseases & Immunisation Conference. 2021 McMillan, M., Koehler, A., Lawrence, A., Sullivan, T., Bednarz, J., MacLennan, J., . . . Marshall, H. (2021). B Part of It’ School Leaver study: a repeat cross-sectional study to assess the impact of increasing coverage with 4CMenB vaccine on meningococcal carriage. Poster session presented at the meeting of 38th Annual Meeting of the European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases (ESPID). 2019 McMillan, M., Walters, L., Koehler, A., Leong, L., Turra, M., Lawrence, A., . . . Marshall, H. (2019). 'B Part of It study’ Impact of 4CMenB vaccine on meningococcal carriage density in adolescents. Poster session presented at the meeting of 37th Annual Meeting of the European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases (ESPID). Ljubljana, Slovenia. 2018 McMillan, M., Walters, L., Turra, M., Lawrence, A., Sullivan, T., Leong, L., . . . Marshall, H. (2018). ‘B Part of It study’: Carriage of Neisseria meningitidis in first year university students in South Australia; a longitudinal study. Poster session presented at the meeting of 16th National Immunisation Conference. Adelaide. 2017 McMillan, M., Heron, L., Braunack-Mayer, A., Menzies, R., Lampard, J., Joseph, T., . . . Marshall, H. (2017). Randomised controlled trial: SMS and calendar reminders to promote infant immunisation timeliness.. Poster session presented at the meeting of N/A. Hobart. 2017 McMillan, M., Heron, L., Braunack-Mayer, A., Menzies, R., Lampard, J., Joseph, T., . . . Marshall, H. (2017). Randomised controlled trial: SMS and calendar reminders to promote infant immunisation timeliness.. Poster session presented at the meeting of N/A. Hobart. 2015 McMillan, M., Porritt, K., Costi, L., & Marshall, H. (2015). Influenza vaccination during pregnancy: A systematic review of fetal safety. Poster session presented at the meeting of EPSID Abstracts. Leipzig, Germany. -
Report for External Bodies
Year Citation 2023 McMillan, M., Mohammed, H., Saunders, L., Clarke, M., & Marshall, H. (2023). School immunisation program review South Australia. 2022 McMillan, M., Mohammed, H., Wang, B., Saunders, L., Clarke, M., McDonough, J., & Marshall, H. (2022). Review of the COVID-19 vaccine program in South Australia. 2021 Elliott, S., Andraweera, P., McMillan, M., Evans, S., Wang, B., Mohammed, H., . . . Marshall, H. (2021). Review of 2020 Influenza vaccine distribution in South Australia. 2021 Elliott, S., Andraweera, P., McMillan, M., Evans, S., Wang, B., Mohammed, H., . . . Marshall, H. (2021). Review of 2020 Influenza vaccine distribution in South Australia. 2014 Nori, A., Piovesan, R., O’Connor, J., Graham, A., Shah, S., Rigney, D., . . . Brown, N. (2014). 'Y Health - Staying Deadly': an Aboriginal youth focused translational action research project. Australian National University. 2013 White, S., Moola, S., McMillan, M., Riitano, D., & Aromataris, E. C. (2013). Unplanned hospital readmission rates and there use in clinical practice and health service management: a rapid review. -
Theses
Year Citation 2021 McMillan, M. (2021). Impact of meningococcal vaccines on carriage and disease. (PhD Thesis). 2014 McMillan, M. (2014). Influenza vaccination during pregnancy: a systematic review of effectiveness and safety.. (Master's Thesis). -
Internet Publications
Year Citation 2015 Mcmillan, M., Parrella, A., Clarke, M., & Marshall, H. (2015). A systematic review of the safety of diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and inactivated polio antigen containing vaccines administered during pregnancy. PROTOCOL.
2024 CIJ - Centre for Research Excellence in Neisseria disease control (CIA Marshall, $3 million).
2023 CIA - Women’s & Children’s Hospital Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship – ‘long-COVID and repeat infections on the health and wellbeing of children and adolescents’ ($386,384).
2022 CIA - RRI Engaging Opportunities program – ‘Generating evidence to inform the introduction of maternal group B streptococcal vaccination to reduce stillbirth and infant death’ ($10,000).
2020 Co-investigator on a study investigating the long-term effectiveness of meningococcal B vaccine (4CMenB) against gonorrhoea (CIAs Marshall and Ward, $1 million).
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