Mark Finnis
Adelaide Medical School
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences
Retired from clinical Intensive Care Medicine 2021.
Continuing to support research, predominantly related to ICU, through biostatistical and database support.
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Appointments
Date Position Institution name 2020 - ongoing Associate Professor University of Melbourne 2018 - ongoing Adjunct Senior Lecturer Monash University 1996 - ongoing Clinical Lecturer University of Adelaide -
Education
Date Institution name Country Title University of Adelaide Australia MBBS University of Adelaide Australia MBiostat -
Certifications
Date Title Institution name Country 1997 FCICM College of Intensive Care Medicine Australia 1995 FANZCA Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Australia -
Research Interests
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Journals
Year Citation 2025 Wittholz, K., Fetterplace, K., Chapple, L. -A., Ridley, E. J., Finnis, M., Presneill, J., . . . Deane, A. M. (2025). Six-month outcomes after traumatic brain injury in the Augmented versus Routine Approach to Giving Energy multicentre, double-blind, randomised controlled Trial (TARGET). Australian Critical Care, 38(2), 101116-1-101116-6.
2025 Summers, M. J., Chapple, L. A. S., Karahalios, A., Bellomo, R., Chapman, M. J., Ferrie, S., . . . Deane, A. M. (2025). Augmented Enteral Protein during Critical Illness: The TARGET Protein Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA, 10 pages.
2025 Webber, T. P., Young, B. J., Chapman, M. J., & Finnis, M. E. (2025). Complications of induced hypertension for delayed cerebral ischaemia secondary to aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. ANAESTHESIA AND INTENSIVE CARE, 9 pages.
2024 Betteridge, T., Finnis, M., Cohen, J., Delaney, A., Young, P., Udy, A., . . . Van Der Poll, A. (2024). Blood Pressure Management Goals in Critically Ill Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Patients in Australia and New Zealand. Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology, 36(3), 237-243.
Scopus12024 Showler, L., Deane, A. M., Litton, E., Ankravs, M. J., Wibrow, B., Barge, D., . . . Abdelhamid, Y. A. (2024). A multicentre point prevalence study of nocturnal hours awake and enteral pharmacological sleep aids in patients admitted to Australian and New Zealand intensive care units. Critical Care and Resuscitation, 26(3), 192-197.
Scopus3 Europe PMC32024 Hiwase, A. D., Ovenden, C. D., Kaukas, L. M., Finnis, M., Zhang, Z., O'Connor, S., . . . Ellis, D. Y. (2024). Can rotational thromboelastometry rapidly identify theragnostic targets in isolated traumatic brain injury?. Emerg Med Australas, 37(1), 7 pages.
Scopus12023 Buhariwalla, K., Keijzers, G., Macdonald, S., Finnis, M., Peake, S., Gillett, M., & Delaney, A. (2023). Impact of time of intensive care unit transfer and outcomes in patients with septic shock: An observational study. EMA Emergency Medicine Australasia, 35(4), 612-617.
Scopus12023 Collie, J. T. B., Jiang, A., Abdelhamid, Y. A., Ankravs, M., Bellomo, R., Byrne, K. M., . . . Deane, A. M. (2023). Relationship of blood thiamine pyrophosphate to plasma phosphate and the response to enteral nutrition plus co-administration of intravenous thiamine during critical illness.. Journal of human nutrition and dietetics : the official journal of the British Dietetic Association, 36(4), 1214-1224.
Scopus5 WoS1 Europe PMC52023 Peake, S. L., Delaney, A., Finnis, M., Hammond, N., Knowles, S., McDonald, S., & Williams, P. J. (2023). Early sepsis in Australia and New Zealand: A point-prevalence study of haemodynamic resuscitation practices. EMA Emergency Medicine Australasia, 35(6), 953-959.
Scopus2 Europe PMC12023 Summers, M. J., Chapple, L. A. S., Bellomo, R., Chapman, M. J., Ferrie, S., Finnis, M. E., . . . Deane, A. M. (2023). Study protocol for TARGET protein: The effect of augmented administration of enteral protein to critically ill adults on clinical outcomes: A cluster randomised, cross-sectional, double cross-over, clinical trial. Critical Care and Resuscitation, 25(3), 147-154.
Scopus18 Europe PMC82023 Turner, N., Farrow, B., Betrie, A. H., Finnis, M. E., Lankadeva, Y. R., Sharman, J., . . . Plummer, M. P. (2023). Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma ascorbate concentrations following subarachnoid haemorrhage. Critical Care and Resuscitation, 25(4), 175-181.
Scopus1 WoS1 Europe PMC12023 Plummer, M. P., Rait, L., Finnis, M. E., French, C. J., Bates CCRN, S., Douglas, J., . . . Bhurani, M. (2023). Diabetes mellitus, glycaemic control and severe COVID-19 in the Australian Critical Care Setting – a nested cohort study. Australian Critical Care, 36(4), 579-585.
Scopus5 WoS2 Europe PMC42022 Carnegie, V., Schweikert, S., Anstey, M., Wibrow, B., Delaney, A., Flower, O., . . . Udy, A. (2022). A multicentre observational study of the use of antiseizure medication in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage in the PROMOTE-SAH study. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 103, 20-25.
Scopus1 Europe PMC12022 Maiden, M. J., Fraser, J. D., & Finnis, M. E. (2022). Venous blood for the analysis of acid–base status in a model of septic shock. EMA Emergency Medicine Australasia, 34(3), 456-458.
Scopus2 Europe PMC12022 Poole, A. P., Finnis, M. E., Anstey, J., Bellomo, R., Bihari, S., Birardar, V., . . . LUCID Study Investigators and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group (ANZICS CTG). (2022). The Effect of a Liberal Approach to Glucose Control in Critically Ill Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A multicenter, parallel-group, open-label randomized clinical trial. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 206(7), 874-882.
Scopus27 WoS7 Europe PMC212022 Gluck, S., Andrawos, A., Summers, M. J., Lange, J., Chapman, M. J., Finnis, M. E., & Deane, A. M. (2022). The use of smartphone-derived location data to evaluate participation following critical illness: A pilot observational cohort study. Australian Critical Care, 35(3), 225-232.
Scopus1 Europe PMC12022 Low, Y. M., Lyon, C. E., Lakey, K. M., Finnis, M. E., Orford, N. R., & Maiden, M. J. (2022). Frailty is not independently associated with intensive care unit length of stay: An observational study. Australian Critical Care, 35(4), 369-374.
Europe PMC12022 O'Brien, Z., Finnis, M., Gallagher, M., & Bellomo, R. (2022). Hyperoncotic Albumin Solution in Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Patients. Blood Purification, 51(7), 590-599.
Scopus8 Europe PMC72021 Cohen, J., Delaney, A., Anstey, J., Anstey, M., Barge, D., Bellomo, R., . . . Udy, A. (2021). Dysnatremia and 6-Month Functional Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients With Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Prospective Cohort Study. Critical Care Explorations, 3(6), E0445.
Scopus6 Europe PMC52021 Arunachala Murthy, T., Bellomo, R., Chapman, M., Deane, A., Ferrie, S., Finnis, M., . . . Chapple, L. -A. (2021). Protein delivery in mechanically ventilated adults in Australia and New Zealand: current practice. Critical Care and Resuscitation, 23(4), 386-393.
Scopus10 WoS2 Europe PMC52021 Chapple, L. -A. S., Summers, M. J., Bellomo, R., Chapman, M. J., Davies, A. R., Ferrie, S., . . . TARGET Investigator Collaborative and the ANZICS Clinical Trials Group. (2021). Use of a high-protein enteral nutrition formula to increase protein delivery to critically ill patients: a randomized, blinded, parallel-group, feasibility trial. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 45(4), 699-709.
Scopus32 WoS16 Europe PMC202021 Plummer, M. P., Lankadeva, Y. R., Finnis, M. E., Harrois, A., Harding, C., Peiris, R. M., . . . Deane, A. M. (2021). Urinary and renal oxygenation during dexmedetomidine infusion in critically ill adults with mechanistic insights from an ovine model. Journal of Critical Care, 64, 74-81.
Scopus6 WoS2 Europe PMC32021 Maiden, M. J., Trisno, R., Finnis, M. E., Norrish, C. M., Mulvey, A., Nasr-Esfahani, S., . . . Moylan, S. (2021). Long-term outcomes of patients admitted to an intensive care unit with intentional self-harm. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, 49(3), 173-182.
WoS12021 Rait, L. I., Yeo, N. Y., Abdelhamid, Y. A., Showler, L., Finnis, M. E., & Deane, A. M. (2021). The impact of bereavement support on psychological distress in family members: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Critical Care and Resuscitation, 23(2), 225-233.
Scopus5 WoS4 Europe PMC32021 Deane, A. M., Jiang, A., Tascone, B., Clancy, A., Finnis, M. E., Collie, J. T., . . . Ali Abdelhamid, Y. (2021). A multicenter randomized clinical trial of pharmacological vitamin B1 administration to critically ill patients who develop hypophosphatemia during enteral nutrition (The THIAMINE 4 HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA trial). Clinical Nutrition, 40(8), 5047-5052.
Scopus12 WoS4 Europe PMC62021 Bulle, E. B., Peake, S. L., Finnis, M., Bellomo, R., Delaney, A., Peake, C., . . . Williamson, D. (2021). Time to antimicrobial therapy in septic shock patients treated with an early goal-directed resuscitation protocol: A post-hoc analysis of the ARISE trial. EMA Emergency Medicine Australasia, 33(3), 409-417.
Scopus6 Europe PMC32021 O'Brien, Z., Finnis, M., Gallagher, M., & Bellomo, R. (2021). Early Treatment with Human Albumin Solution in Continuous Renal Replacement Patients. Blood Purification, 50(2), 205-213.
Scopus4 Europe PMC22021 O'Brien, Z., Finnis, M., Gallagher, M., & Bellomo, R. (2021). Early Treatment with Human Albumin Solution in Continuous Renal Replacement Patients. Blood Purification, 50(2), 205-213.
Scopus4 Europe PMC22020 Udy, A. (2020). Six-month mortality and functional outcomes in aneurysmal sub-arachnoid haemorrhage patients admitted to intensive care units in Australia and New Zealand: A prospective cohort study. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 80, 92-99.
Scopus6 WoS3 Europe PMC42020 Delaney, A., Finnis, M., Bellomo, R., Udy, A., Jones, D., Keijzers, G., . . . Peake, S. (2020). Initiation of vasopressor infusions via peripheral versus central access in patients with early septic shock: A retrospective cohort study. Emergency Medicine Australasia, 32(2), 210-219.
Scopus50 Europe PMC332020 Berenyi, F., Steinfort, D. P., Abdelhamid, Y. A., Bailey, M. J., Pilcher, D. V., Bellomo, R., . . . Deane, A. M. (2020). Characteristics and Outcomes of Critically Ill Patients with Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Australia and New Zealand. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 17(6), 736-745.
Scopus23 WoS11 Europe PMC192020 Maiden, M. J., Finnis, M. E., Duke, G. J., Huning, E. Y., Crozier, T. M. E., Nguyen, N., . . . Pilcher, D. (2020). Obstetric admissions to intensive care units in Australia and New Zealand: A registry-based cohort study.. BJOG, 127(12), 1558-1567.
Scopus13 WoS10 Europe PMC102020 Poole, A. P., Finnis, M. E., Anstey, J., Bellomo, R., Bihari, S., Biradar, V., . . . Deane, A. M. (2020). Study protocol and statistical analysis plan for the Liberal Glucose Control in Critically Ill Patients with Pre-existing Type 2 Diabetes (LUCID) trial. Critical Care and Resuscitation, 22(2), 133-141.
Scopus9 WoS10 Europe PMC62020 Mitchell, W. G., Deane, A., Brown, A., Bihari, S., Wong, H., Ramadoss, R., & Finnis, M. (2020). Long term outcomes for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians after hospital intensive care. Med J Aust, 213(1), 16-21.
Scopus13 WoS9 Europe PMC102020 Ojha, M., Finnis, M. E., Heckelmann, M., Raith, E. P., Moodie, S., Chapman, M. J., . . . Maiden, M. J. (2020). Outcomes following grade V subarachnoid haemorrhage: A single-centre retrospective study. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, 48(4), 289-296.
Scopus4 WoS2 Europe PMC22020 Udy, A. A., Finnis, M., Cohen, J., Delaney, A., Anstey, J., Anstey, M., . . . Cooper, D. J. (2020). Erratum to “Six-month mortality and functional outcomes in aneurysmal sub-arachnoid haemorrhage patients admitted to intensive care units in Australia and New Zealand: A prospective cohort study” [J. Clin. Neurosci. 80 (2020) 92–99] (Journal of Clinical Neuroscience (2020) 80 (92–99), (S0967586820314119), (10.1016/j.jocn.2020.07.049)). Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 82(Pt A), 192.
2019 Udy, A. A., Finnis, M., Jones, D., Delaney, A., Macdonald, S., Bellomo, R., & Peake, S. (2019). Incidence, patient characteristics, mode of drug delivery, and outcomes of septic shock patients treated with vasopressors in the ARISE trial. Shock, 52(4), 400-407.
Scopus23 WoS16 Europe PMC142019 Reddi, B., Finnis, M., & Peake, S. (2019). Difficulties in knowing which critical care trial data warrant change in practice. Medical Journal of Australia, 211(7), 306-307.e1.
2019 Reddi, B. A., Johnston, S. D., Bart, S., Chan, J. C., & Finnis, M. (2019). Abnormal pulmonary function tests are associated with prolonged ventilation and risk of complications following elective cardiac surgery.. Anaesthesia and intensive care, 47(6), 310057X19877188.
Scopus7 WoS4 Europe PMC42019 Poole, A. P., Anstey, J., Bellomo, R., Biradar, V., Deane, A. M., Finfer, S. R., . . . Eastwood, G. M. (2019). Opinions and practices of blood glucose control in critically ill patients with pre-existing type 2 diabetes in Australian and New Zealand intensive care units. Australian Critical Care, 32(5), 361-365.
Scopus6 WoS7 Europe PMC42019 Kar, P., Plummer, M., Ali Abdelhamid, Y., Giersch, E. J., Summers, M. J., Weinel, L. M., . . . Deane, A. M. (2019). Incident diabetes in survivors of critical illness and mechanisms underlying persistent glucose intolerance: a prospective cohort study. Critical Care Medicine, 47(2), 103-111.
Scopus12 WoS9 Europe PMC102019 Weinel, L. M., Summers, M., Finnis, M., Poole, A., Kar, P., Chapman, M., . . . Ali Abdelhamid, Y. (2019). Are point-of-care measurements of glycated haemoglobin accurate in the critically ill?. Australian Critical Care, 32(6), 465-470.
Scopus6 WoS6 Europe PMC12019 Gluck, S., Summers, M. J., Finnis, M. E., Andrawos, A., Goddard, T. P., Hodgson, C. L., . . . Deane, A. M. (2019). An observational study investigating the use of patient-owned technology to quantify physical activity in survivors of critical illness. Australian Critical Care, 33(2), 137-143.
Scopus5 WoS3 Europe PMC32018 Maiden, M. J., Finnis, M. E., Peake, S., McRae, S., Delaney, A., Bailey, M., & Bellomo, R. (2018). The relationship between the decrease in haemoglobin concentration and the volume of fluids administered during resuscitation from septic shock may not be so "weak" response. CRITICAL CARE, 22, 2 pages. 2018 Hermanides, J., Plummer, M. P., Finnis, M., Deane, A. M., Coles, J. P., & Menon, D. K. (2018). Glycaemic control targets after traumatic brain injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Critical Care, 22(1), 11 pages.
Scopus63 WoS39 Europe PMC432018 Plummer, M. P., Notkina, N., Timofeev, I., Hutchinson, P. J., Finnis, M. E., & Gupta, A. K. (2018). Cerebral metabolic effects of strict versus conventional glycaemic targets following severe traumatic brain injury. Critical Care, 22(1), 8 pages.
Scopus18 WoS11 Europe PMC152018 Maclure, P. T., Gluck, S., Pearce, A., & Finnis, M. E. (2018). Patients Retrieved to Intensive Care via a Dedicated Retrieval Service do not Have Increased Hospital Mortality Compared with Propensity-Matched Controls. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, 46(2), 202-206.
Scopus7 WoS5 Europe PMC32018 Maiden, M., Finnis, M., Peake, S., McRae, S., Delaney, A., Bailey, M., & Bellomo, R. (2018). Haemoglobin concentration and volume of intravenous fluids in septic shock in the ARISE trial. Critical Care, 22(1), 118-1-118-8.
Scopus13 WoS14 Europe PMC92018 Reddi, B., Finnis, M., Udy, A. A., Maiden, M., Delaney, A., Bellomo, R., & Peake, S. (2018). The relationship between the change in central venous pressure and intravenous fluid volume in patients presenting to the emergency department with septic shock. Intensive Care Medicine, 44(9), 1591-1592.
Scopus9 WoS6 Europe PMC52018 Sampson, B. G., Wilson, S. R., Finnis, M. E., Hodak, A. M., Jones, P. N., O’Connor, S. L., & Chapman, M. J. (2018). A quality control study of the adherence to recommended physiological targets for the management of brain-dead organ donors in South Australian intensive care units. Progress in Transplantation, 28(4), 386-389.
Scopus2 WoS3 Europe PMC12017 Abdelhamid, Y. A., Plummer, M. P., Finnis, M. E., Biradar, V., Bihari, S., Kar, P., . . . Deane, A. M. (2017). Long-term mortality of critically ill patients with diabetes who survive admission to the intensive care unit. Critical Care and Resuscitation, 19(4), 303-309.
Scopus12 WoS10 Europe PMC72017 Ovenden, C., Plummer, M., Selvanderan, S., Donaldson, T., Nguyen, N., Weinel, L., . . . Deane, A. (2017). Occult upper gastrointestinal mucosal abnormalities in critically ill patients. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 61(2), 216-223.
Scopus6 WoS4 Europe PMC52016 Plummer, M. P., Finnis, M. E., Phillips, L. K., Kar, P., Bihari, S., Biradar, V., . . . Deane, A. M. (2016). Stress induced hyperglycemia and the subsequent risk of type 2 diabetes in survivors of critical illness. PLoS One, 11(11), e0165923-12.
Scopus58 WoS36 Europe PMC352016 Plummer, M., Finnis, M., Horsfall, M., Ly, M., Kar, P., Abdelhamid, Y., & Deane, A. (2016). Prior exposure to hyperglycaemia attenuates the relationship between glycaemic variability during critical illness and mortality. Critical Care and Resuscitation, 18(3), 189-197.
Scopus24 WoS18 Europe PMC132016 Sivakumar, S., Taccone, F. S., Desai, K. A., Lazaridis, C., Skarzynski, M., Sekhon, M., . . . Azevedo, L. C. (2016). ESICM LIVES 2016: part two : Milan, Italy. 1-5 October 2016.. Intensive care medicine experimental, 4(Suppl 1), 30.
2016 Selvanderan, S. P., Summers, M. J., Finnis, M. E., Plummer, M. P., Ali Abdelhamid, Y., Anderson, M. B., . . . Deane, A. M. (2016). Pantoprazole or placebo for stress ulcer prophylaxis (POP-UP): randomized double-blind exploratory study. Critical Care Medicine, 44(10), 1842-1850.
Scopus81 WoS61 Europe PMC662016 Ali Abdelhamid, Y., Kar, P., Finnis, M. E., Phillips, L. K., Plummer, M. P., Shaw, J. E., . . . Deane, A. M. (2016). Stress hyperglycaemia in critically ill patients and the subsequent risk of diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.. Critical Care, 20(1), 301.
Scopus79 WoS47 Europe PMC592016 Maiden, M. J., Otto, S., Brealey, J. K., Finnis, M. E., Chapman, M. J., Kuchel, T. R., . . . Bellomo, R. (2016). Structure and function of the kidney in septic shock: A prospective controlled experimental study. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 194(6), 692-700.
Scopus97 WoS73 Europe PMC732015 Summers, M. J., Selvanderan, S. P., Plummer, M. P., Finnis, M. E., Ali Abdelhamid, Y., Anderson, M. B., . . . Deane, A. M. (2015). Comparison of macroscopic abnormalities in patients receiving routine pantoprazole when compared to placebo. Intensive Care Medicine Experimental, 3(Suppl 1), A980.
2015 Selvanderan, S. P., Summers, M. J., Plummer, M. P., Finnis, M. E., Ali Abdelhamid, Y., Anderson, M. B., . . . Deane, A. M. (2015). Withholding stress ulcer prophylaxis to mechanically ventilated enterally-fed critically ill patients appears safe: A randomised double-blind placebo controlled pilot study. Intensive Care Medicine Experimental, 3(Suppl 1), A41.
Scopus32015 Pryor, L., Ward, E., Cornwell, P., O'Connor, S., Finnis, M., & Chapman, M. (2015). Impact of nasogastric tubes on swallowing physiology in older, healthy subjects: a randomized controlled crossover trial. Clinical Nutrition, 34(4), 572-578.
Scopus23 WoS15 Europe PMC182010 Wong, G. L., & Finnis, M. E. (2010). Use of venturi entrainment to deliver nasal high fow oxygen. Critical Care and Shock, 13(3), 75-80.
Scopus32009 Galluccio, S., Chapman, M., & Finnis, M. (2009). Femoral-radial arterial pressure gradients in critically ill patients. Critical care and Resuscitation, 11(1), 34-38.
Scopus35 WoS28 Europe PMC232005 Ritz, M., Chapman, M., Fraser, R., Finnis, M., Butler, R., Cmielewski, P., . . . Rea, D. (2005). Erythromycin dose of 70 mg accelerates gastric emptying as effectively as 200 mg in the critically ill. Intensive Care Medicine, 31(7), 949-954.
Scopus77 WoS61 Europe PMC482003 Chapman, M., Fraser, R., de Beaux, I., O'Connor, S., Finnis, M., Butler, R., . . . Davidson, G. (2003). Cefazolin does not accelerate gastric emptying in the critically ill. Intensive Care Medicine, 29(7), 1169-1172.
Scopus10 WoS10 Europe PMC82001 de Beaux, I., Chapman, M., Fraser, R., Finnis, M., De Keulenaer, B., Liberalli, D., & Satarek, M. (2001). Enteral nutrition in the critically ill: A prospective survey in an Australian intensive care unit. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, 29(2), 619-622. 2001 De Beaux, I., Chapman, M., Fraser, R., Finnis, M., De Keulenaer, B., Liberalli, D., & Satanek, M. (2001). Enteral nutrition in critically III: A prospective survey in an Australian Intensive Care Unit. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, 29(6), 619-622.
Scopus92 WoS74 Europe PMC501996 Moran, J., Leppard, P., Finnis, M., & Peisach, R. (1996). Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE II) scoring system recalculated and reconsidered. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, 24(2), 271. 1996 Moran, J., Leppard, P., Finnis, M., Grealy, B., & Peisach, R. (1996). Predicting patient outcome in an adult intensive care unit: an evaluation of the Mortality Probability Model II.. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, 24, 241.-272.. 1996 Finnis, M., Moran, J., & Leppard, P. (1996). Comparative performance of oxygenation indices in ICU patients.. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, 24, 279.-280.. -
Conference Items
Year Citation 2017 Maiden, M. J., Finnis, M. E., Bailey, M., Peake, S., Delaney, A. P., & Bellomo, R. (2017). Association Between Haematocrit And Volume Of Parenteral Fluid Administered In Septic Shock. Poster session presented at the meeting of AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE. Washington, DC: AMER THORACIC SOC.
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