APrf Gun Lee

Senior Lecturer

School of Computer Science and Information Technology

College of Engineering and Information Technology

Available For Media Comment.


Dr. Gun Lee is a Senior Lecturer at the Australian Research Centre for Interactive and Virtual Environments (IVE), University of South Australia (UniSA). His research investigates interaction and visualization methods for sharing virtual experiences in xR, i.e. VR/AR/MR (Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality, and Mixed Reality). Recently, developing xR technology for remote collaboration and virtual training has been his main research focus. Sharing richer communication cues and supporting large groups to collaborate across space and time are the next steps he is working on.
Before joining the Empathic Computing Lab at IVE, UniSA he was a Research Scientist at the Human Interface Technology Laboratory New Zealand (HIT Lab NZ, University of Canterbury), leading mobile and wearable AR research projects. Previously, he also worked at the Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI, Korea) as a researcher where he developed VR and AR technology for industrial applications, including immersive 3D visualization systems and virtual training systems.
Dr. Lee received his B.S. degree in Computer Science from Kyungpook National University (Korea), and received his Masters and Ph.D. degrees in Computer Science and Engineering at POSTECH (Korea), investigating immersive authoring method for creating VR and AR contents using 3D user interfaces.

Date Position Institution name
2020 - ongoing Senior Lecturer University of South Australia
2016 - 2020 Senior Research Fellow University of South Australia
2014 - 2016 Research Scientist University of Canterbury
2011 - 2014 Post Doctoral Fellow University of Canterbury
2009 - 2011 Senior Researcher Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute
2005 - 2009 Researcher Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute

Date Type Title Institution Name Country Amount
2023 Award Best Demo Award at the IEEE ISMAR 2023 Conference IEEE Computer Society Australia -
2023 Award Best Conference Paper Award at the IEEE ISMAR 2023 Conference IEEE Computer Society Australia -
2019 Award Best Full Paper Runner Up at the ACM VRST 2019 Conference Association for Computing Machinery Australia -
2019 Award Honourable Mentions Award at the ACM CHI 2019 Conference Association for Computing Machinery United Kingdom -
2018 Award Best Paper Award at the ACM CHI 2018 Conference Association for Computing Machinery Canada -
2017 Award Best Paper Runner Up at the SIGGRAPH Asia 2017 Conference – Symposium On Mobile Graphics And Interactive Applications Association for Computing Machinery Thailand -
2004 Award Best of Show Award - Real-Time 3DX:Demo-Or-Die Contest at the ACM SIGGRAPH 2004 Conference Association for Computing Machinery United States -

Language Competency
English Can read, write, speak, understand spoken and peer review
Korean Can read, write, speak, understand spoken and peer review

Date Institution name Country Title
2002 - 2009 Pohang University of Science and Technology Korea, Republic of Doctor of Philosophy
2000 - 2002 Pohang University of Science and Technology Korea, Republic of Master of Science
1996 - 2000 Kyungpook National University Korea, Republic of Bachelor of Science

Year Citation
2025 Zarei, T., Emery, M., Saredakis, D., Lee, G. A., Stubbs, B., Szpak, A., & Loetscher, T. (2025). 'Being there together for health': a systematic review on the feasibility, effectiveness and design considerations of immersive collaborative virtual environments in health applications. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2025(4269145), 1-24.
DOI
2025 Eck, U., Lee, G., Plopski, A., Smith, M., Sun, Q., & Tatzgern, M. (2025). Message from the ISMAR 2025 Science and Technology Paper Chairs and TVCG Guest Editors. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 31(11), VIII-IX.
DOI
2025 Zhang, J., Han, B., Dong, Z., Topliss, J., Yousefi, M., Lee, G. A., . . . Piumsomboon, T. (2025). HAT Swapping: Virtual Agents as Stand-Ins for Absent Human Instructors in Virtual Training. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 31(11), 9995-10004.
DOI
2025 Ablett, D., Cunningham, A., Lee, G. A., & Thomas, B. H. (2025). Simultaneous Presence Continuum: Portal Overlays for Overlapping Worlds in Virtual Reality. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 31(10), 7834-7847.
DOI
2025 Jeong, J., Kim, S. H., Yang, H. J., Lee, G., & Kim, S. (2025). GazeHand2: A Gaze-Driven Virtual Hand Interface with Improved Gaze Depth Control for Distant Object Interaction. Electronics Switzerland, 14(13), 28 pages.
DOI
2025 Cho, H., Chang, E., Yuan, B., Lee, G. A., Piumsomboon, T., & Billinghurst, M. (2025). Bridging Time and Space: A Novel Cross-Reality Interface for Asynchronous Task Guidance. International Journal of Human Computer Interaction, 41(24), 15529-15550.
DOI
2025 Kang, S., Jeong, J., Kim, S. H., Yang, H. J., Lee, G. A., & Kim, S. (2025). GazeRayHand: Combining Gaze Ray and Hand Interaction for Distant Object Manipulation. Applied Sciences Switzerland, 15(13), 21 pages.
DOI
2025 Hayati, A. F., Barde, A., Gumilar, I., Momin, A., Lee, G., Chatburn, A., & Billinghurst, M. (2025). Inter-brain synchrony in real-world and virtual reality search tasks using EEG hyperscanning. Frontiers in Virtual Reality, 6(1469105), 19 pages.
DOI
2024 Saffaryazdi, N., Kirkcaldy, N., Lee, G., Loveys, K., Broadbent, E., & Billinghurst, M. (2024). Exploring the impact of computer-mediated emotional interactions on human facial and physiological responses. Telematics and Informatics Reports, 14(100131), 13 pages.
DOI Scopus2 WoS2
2024 Shin, J., Suh, G., Kim, S. H., Yang, H. J., Shin, J. E., Lee, G., & Kim, S. (2024). Effect of the Hand and Gaze Pointers in Remote Collaboration. IEEE Access, 12, 172774-172784.
DOI Scopus6 WoS2
2024 Zou, Q., Bai, H., Gao, L., Lee, G. A., Fowler, A., & Billinghurst, M. (2024). Stylus and Gesture Asymmetric Interaction for Fast and Precise Sketching in Virtual Reality. International Journal of Human Computer Interaction, 40(23), 8124-8141.
DOI Scopus5 WoS6
2024 Franze, A., Loetscher, T., Gallomarino, N. C., Szpak, A., Lee, G., & Michalski, S. C. (2024). Immersive virtual reality is more effective than non-immersive devices for developing real-world skills in people with intellectual disability.. J Intellect Disabil Res, 68(12), 1358-1373.
DOI Scopus9 WoS7 Europe PMC2
2023 Michalski, S. C., Gallomarino, N. C., Szpak, A., May, K. W., Lee, G., Ellison, C., & Loetscher, T. (2023). Improving real-world skills in people with intellectual disabilities: an immersive virtual reality intervention. Virtual Reality, 27(4), 3521-3532.
DOI Scopus21 WoS17 Europe PMC1
2023 Loetscher, T., Jurkovic, N. S., Michalski, S. C., Billinghurst, M., & Lee, G. (2023). Online Platforms for Remote Immersive Virtual Reality Testing: An Emerging Tool for Experimental Behavioral Research. Multimodal Technologies and Interaction, 7(3), 10 pages.
DOI Scopus3 WoS5
2023 Jeong, J., Kim, S. H., Yang, H. J., Lee, G. A., & Kim, S. (2023). GazeHand: A Gaze-Driven Virtual Hand Interface. IEEE Access, 11, 133703-133716.
DOI Scopus7 WoS6
2023 Tian, H., Lee, G. A., Bai, H., & Billinghurst, M. (2023). Using Virtual Replicas to Improve Mixed Reality Remote Collaboration. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 29(5), 2785-2795.
DOI Scopus41 WoS30 Europe PMC6
2023 Oppert, D. M. L., Ngo, M., Lee, D. G. A., Billinghurst, P. D. M., Banks, P. D. S., & Tolson, L. (2023). Older adults’ experiences of social isolation and loneliness: Can virtual touring increase social connectedness? A pilot study. Geriatric Nursing, 53, 270-279.
DOI Scopus15 WoS14 Europe PMC6
2023 Fiorentino, M., Gabbard, J. L., Lee, G., Marchal, M., & Moreau, G. (2023). Message from the ISMAR 2023 Science and Technology Journal Program Chairs and TVCG Guest Editors. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 29(11), VI.
DOI
2023 Kim, S., Huang, W., Oh, C. M., Lee, G., Billinghurst, M., & Lee, S. J. (2023). View Types and Visual Communication Cues for Remote Collaboration. Computers Materials and Continua, 74(2), 4363-4379.
DOI Scopus7 WoS7
2023 Abbas, A., Seo, J., Ahn, S., Luo, Y., Wyllie, M. J., Lee, G., & Billinghurst, M. (2023). How Immersive Virtual Reality Safety Training System Features Impact Learning Outcomes: An Experimental Study of Forklift Training. Journal of Management in Engineering, 39(1), 16 pages.
DOI Scopus38 WoS27
2023 Park, S., Suh, G., Kim, S. H., Yang, H. J., Lee, G., & Kim, S. (2023). Effect of Auto-Erased Sketch Cue in Multiuser Surgical Planning Virtual Reality Collaboration System. IEEE Access, 11, 123565-123576.
DOI Scopus2 WoS2
2022 Jing, A., May, K., Matthews, B., Lee, G., & Billinghurst, M. (2022). The Impact of Sharing Gaze Behaviours in Collaborative Mixed Reality. Proceedings of the ACM on Human Computer Interaction, 6(CSCW2), 1-27.
DOI Scopus40
2022 Yu, R., Gu, N., Lee, G., & Khan, A. (2022). A Systematic Review of Architectural Design Collaboration in Immersive Virtual Environments. Designs, 6(5), 93.
DOI Scopus36
2021 Park, H. S., Lee, G. A., Seo, B. K., & Billinghurst, M. (2021). User experience design for a smart-mirror-based personalized training system. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 80(20), 31159-31181.
DOI Scopus20 WoS14
2021 Jing, A., May, K., Lee, G., & Billinghurst, M. (2021). Eye See What You See: Exploring How Bi-Directional Augmented Reality Gaze Visualisation Influences Co-Located Symmetric Collaboration. Frontiers in Virtual Reality, 2, 17 pages.
DOI Scopus38 WoS31
2021 Gumilar, I., Sareen, E., Bell, R., Stone, A., Hayati, A., Mao, J., . . . Billinghurst, M. (2021). A comparative study on inter-brain synchrony in real and virtual environments using hyperscanning. Computers and Graphics Pergamon, 94, 62-75.
DOI Scopus44 WoS35
2020 Kim, S., Jing, A., Park, H., Lee, G. A., Huang, W., & Billinghurst, M. (2020). Hand-in-Air (HiA) and Hand-on-Target (HoT) Style Gesture Cues for Mixed Reality Collaboration. IEEE Access, 8(9290074), 224145-224161.
DOI Scopus25 WoS24
2020 Barde, A., Gumilar, I., Hayati, A. F., Dey, A., Lee, G., & Billinghurst, M. (2020). A Review of Hyperscanning and Its Use in Virtual Environments. Informatics, 7(4), 23 pages.
DOI Scopus20 WoS20
2020 Kim, S., Lee, G., Billinghurst, M., & Huang, W. (2020). The combination of visual communication cues in mixed reality remote collaboration. Journal on Multimodal User Interfaces, 14(4), 321-335.
DOI Scopus54 WoS49
2020 Kim, S., Billinghurst, M., Lee, G., & Huang, W. (2020). Gaze window: A new gaze interface showing relevant content close to the gaze point. Journal of the Society for Information Display, 28(12), 979-996.
DOI Scopus10 WoS6
2020 Teo, T., Norman, M., Lee, G. A., Billinghurst, M., & Adcock, M. (2020). Exploring interaction techniques for 360 panoramas inside a 3D reconstructed scene for mixed reality remote collaboration. Journal on Multimodal User Interfaces, 14(4), 373-385.
DOI Scopus35 WoS28
2019 Ens, B., Lanir, J., Tang, A., Bateman, S., Lee, G., Piumsomboon, T., & Billinghurst, M. (2019). Revisiting collaboration through mixed reality: The evolution of groupware. International Journal of Human Computer Studies, 131(S1), 81-98.
DOI Scopus241 WoS192
2019 Piumsomboon, T., Dey, A., Ens, B., Lee, G., & Billinghurst, M. (2019). The effects of sharing awareness cues in collaborative mixed reality. Frontiers Robotics AI, 6(FEB), 18 pages.
DOI Scopus160 WoS128 Europe PMC12
2018 Kim, S., Billinghurst, M., Lee, C., & Lee, G. (2018). Using freeze frame and visual notifications in an annotation drawing interface for remote collaboration. Ksii Transactions on Internet and Information Systems, 12(12), 6034-6056.
DOI Scopus26 WoS24
2018 Piumsomboon, T., Lee, G. A., Ens, B., Thomas, B. H., & Billinghurst, M. (2018). Superman vs giant: A study on spatial perception for a multi-scale mixed reality flying telepresence interface. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 24(11), 2974-2982.
DOI Scopus49 WoS46 Europe PMC6
2018 Kim, S., Billinghurst, M., & Lee, G. (2018). The Effect of Collaboration Styles and View Independence on Video-Mediated Remote Collaboration. Computer Supported Cooperative Work CSCW an International Journal, 27(3-6), 569-607.
DOI Scopus79 WoS64
2017 Altimira, D., Mueller, F. F., Clarke, J., Lee, G., Billinghurst, M., & Bartneck, C. (2017). Enhancing player engagement through game balancing in digitally augmented physical games. International Journal of Human Computer Studies, 103, 35-47.
DOI Scopus34 WoS27
2016 Gupta, K., Lee, G. A., & Billinghurst, M. (2016). Do you see what i see? the effect of gaze tracking on task space remote collaboration. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 22(11), 2413-2422.
DOI Scopus158 WoS127 Europe PMC14
2014 Billinghurst, M., Clark, A., & Lee, G. (2014). A survey of augmented reality. Foundations and Trends in Human Computer Interaction, 8(2-3), 73-272.
DOI Scopus1006
2012 Kim, H., Lee, G. A., Yang, U., Kwak, T., & Kim, K. -H. (2012). Dual Autostereoscopic Display Platform for Multi-user Collaboration with Natural Interaction. ETRI JOURNAL, 34(3), 466-469.
DOI WoS12
2012 Kim, H., Lee, G. A., Yang, U., Kwak, T., & Kim, K. H. (2012). Dual autostereoscopic display platform for multi-user collaboration with natural interaction. ETRI Journal, 34(3), 466-469.
DOI Scopus14
2010 Lee, G. A., Yang, U., Son, W., Kim, Y., Jo, D., Kim, K. H., & Choi, J. S. (2010). Virtual reality content-based training for spray painting tasks in the shipbuilding industry. ETRI Journal, 32(5), 695-703.
DOI Scopus29 WoS22
2009 Lee, G. A., & Kim, G. J. (2009). Immersive authoring of Tangible Augmented Reality content: A user study. Journal of Visual Languages and Computing, 20(2), 61-79.
DOI Scopus31 WoS27
2005 Lee, G. A., Kim, G. J., & Billinghurst, M. (2005). What you experience is what you get (WYXIWYG). Communications of the ACM, 48(7), 76-81.
DOI Scopus72 WoS52
- Jeong, J., Lee, H., Shin, J. -E., Kim, D., Kang, S., Lee, G. A., . . . Kim, S. (2025). Social resources facilitate pulling actions toward novel social agents than pushing actions in virtual reality. Empathic Computing.
DOI

Year Citation
2025 Teo, T., Jing, A., Zhang, C., Frederick, M., Shin, H., Lee, Y., . . . Lee, G. A. (2025). Sharing Facial Cues at Different Target Positions to Support Virtual Collaboration. In Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings (pp. 7 pages). JAPAN, Yokohama: ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY.
DOI Scopus1
2025 Liu, S., Ens, B., Semertzidis, N. A., Lee, G. A., Mueller, F. F., & Elvitigala, D. S. (2025). "my Happiness Makes You Smile": Beginning to Understand Telepathic Superpower Design Via Brain-Muscle Interfaces. In DIS 2025 Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference (pp. 3455-3472). PORTUGAL, Madeira: ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY.
DOI
2025 Jeong, J., Lee, H., Shin, J. E., Kim, D., Kang, S., Lee, G. A., . . . Kim, S. (2025). Willingness to Interact: Social Resources Facilitate Pulling Actions toward Social Avatars in Virtual Reality. In Proceedings 2025 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops Vrw 2025 (pp. 1252-1253). US: IEEE COMPUTER SOC.
DOI
2025 Liu, S., Ens, B., Semertzidis, N. A., Lee, G. A., Mueller, F., & Elvitigala, D. S. (2025). Flytrap Hand: Towards Understanding Dark Patterns of Physical Augmentation via Electrical Muscle Stimulation. In Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings (pp. 2 pages). JAPAN, Yokohama: ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY.
DOI Scopus1 WoS1
2025 Liu, S., Ens, B., Semertzidis, N. A., Lee, G. A., Mueller, F., & Elvitigala, D. S. (2025). "My Happiness Makes You Smile": Towards Understanding Telepathic Superpower Design via Brain-Muscle Interfaces. In Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings (pp. 2 pages). JAPAN, Yokohama: ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY.
DOI Scopus1
2025 Yuan, B., Cho, H., Lee, G., & Billinghurst, M. (2025). Augmented Reality Spatial Guidance Cues for Flexible Multi-Objective Task Environments. In Proceedings Vrcai 2024 19th ACM SIGGRAPH International Conference on Virtual Reality Continuum and Its Applications in Industry (pp. 9 pages). US: ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY.
DOI Scopus1
2025 Cho, H., Teo, T., Chang, E., Lee, S., Lee, G., & Billinghurst, M. (2025). MoreOverleaf: A Mixed Reality Solution for Collaborative Document Workflows. In SIGGRAPH Asia 2025 XR (pp. 1-2). ACM.
DOI
2025 Suh, G., Lee, G. A., Yang, H. -J., Kim, S. -H., Shin, J. -E., Jeong, J., . . . Kim, S. (2025). Effects of Co-speech Gesture Size of Virtual Agents on Persuasive Communication. In Proceedings of the 2025 31st ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology (pp. 1-11). ACM.
DOI
2024 Hong, S., Shin, H., Gil, Y. H., & Lee, G. (2024). Studying Behavioral Metrics to Design Automatic Intervention Systems in Virtual Environments. In International Conference on ICT Convergence (pp. 1358-1359). US: IEEE.
DOI
2024 Kang, S., Jeong, J., Lee, G. A., Kim, S. H., Yang, H. J., & Kim, S. (2024). The RayHand Navigation: A Virtual Navigation Method with Relative Position between Hand and Gaze-Ray. In Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings (pp. 15 pages). US: ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY.
DOI Scopus5 WoS2
2024 Zhang, J., Han, B., Dong, Z., Wen, R., Lee, G. A., Hoermann, S., . . . Piumsomboon, T. (2024). Virtual Triplets: A Mixed Modal Synchronous and Asynchronous Collaboration with Human-Agent Interaction in Virtual Reality. In Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings (pp. 8 pages). US: ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY.
DOI Scopus11 WoS4
2024 Liu, S., Semertzidis, N., Lee, G. A., Mueller, F. F., & Ens, B. (2024). Exploring Superpower Design Through Wi-Fi Twinge. In ACM International Conference Proceeding Series (pp. 1-16). US: ACM.
DOI Scopus5
2024 Ablett, D., Cunningham, A., Lee, G. A., & Thomas, B. H. (2024). Adaptive Portals: Enhancing Virtual Reality Interaction Spaces With Real-Time Self-Adjusting Portals. In U. Eck, M. Sra, J. Stefanucci, M. Sugimoto, M. Tatzgern, & I. Williams (Eds.), Proceedings 2024 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Ismar 2024 (pp. 1010-1018). US: IEEE COMPUTER SOC.
DOI Scopus3 WoS2
2024 Norman, M., Lee, G. A., Smith, R. T., & Billinghurst, M. (2024). Avatar and Gaze Cues for Mixed Reality Mixed Presence Groupware. In U. Eck, M. Sra, J. Stefanucci, M. Sugimoto, M. Tatzgern, & I. Williams (Eds.), Proceedings 2024 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct Ismar Adjunct 2024 (pp. 569-570). US: IEEE COMPUTER SOC.
DOI Scopus1 WoS1
2024 Jing, A., Teo, T., Mcdade, J., Zhang, C., Wang, Y., Mitrofan, A., . . . Lee, G. A. (2024). Superpowering Emotion Through Multimodal Cues in Collaborative VR. In U. Eck, M. Sra, J. Stefanucci, M. Sugimoto, M. Tatzgern, & I. Williams (Eds.), Proceedings 2024 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Ismar 2024 (pp. 160-169). US: IEEE COMPUTER SOC.
DOI Scopus6 WoS4
2024 Teo, T., Sakurada, K., Sugimoto, M., Lee, G., & Billinghurst, M. (2024). Evaluations of Parallel Views for Sequential VR Search Tasks. In ACM International Conference Proceeding Series (pp. 148-156). UK: ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY.
DOI Scopus2 WoS2
2024 Teo, T., Jing, A., Pham, X. T., & Lee, G. A. (2024). ExpressiveWorld: Detachable Expressions for VR Collaboration. In Proceedings SIGGRAPH Asia 2024 Xr SA 2024 (pp. 1-2). US: ACM.
DOI
2023 Teo, T., Sugimoto, M., Lee, G., & Billinghurst, M. (2023). NinjaHeads: Gaze-Oriented Parallel View System for Asynchronous Tasks. In Proceedings SIGGRAPH Asia 2023 Xr SA 2023 (pp. 1-2). US: ACM.
DOI Scopus2
2023 Ablett, D., Cunningham, A., Lee, G. A., & Thomas, B. H. (2023). Point & Portal: A New Action at a Distance Technique For Virtual Reality. In G. Bruder, A. H. Olivier, A. Cunningham, E. Y. Peng, J. Grubert, & I. Williams (Eds.), Proceedings 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Ismar 2023 (pp. 119-128). US: IEEE COMPUTER SOC.
DOI Scopus10 WoS6
2023 Cho, H., Chang, E., Chang, Z., Cao, J., Yuan, B., Hart, J. D., . . . Billinghurst, M. (2023). Hybrid Cross-Reality Collaborative System. In Proceedings 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct Ismar Adjunct 2023 (pp. 775-776). US: IEEE.
DOI
2023 Cho, H., Yuan, B., Hart, J. D., Chang, E., Chang, Z., Cao, J., . . . Billinghurst, M. (2023). An Asynchronous Hybrid Cross Reality Collaborative System. In Proceedings 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct Ismar Adjunct 2023 (pp. 70-73). US: IEEE.
DOI Scopus5
2023 Yuan, B., Xiao, Z., Selvan Gunasekaran, T., Zou, Q., Chang, Z., Mirza, M., . . . Billinghurst, M. (2023). The Fusion Nexus: Exploring the Confluence of Virtual and Real Worlds through Biocognitive Audio-Verbal Interface in Immersive XR Environments. In Proceedings SIGGRAPH Asia 2023 Xr SA 2023 (pp. 1-2). US: ACM.
DOI
2022 Zhang, J., Lee, G. A., Hoermann, S., Zhang, W., & Piumsomboon, T. (2022). Virtual Triplets: Human-Agent Shared Control of Virtual Avatars. In S. N. Spencer (Ed.), Proceedings Sui 2022 ACM Conference on Spatial User Interaction (pp. 2 pages). US: ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY.
DOI Scopus1 WoS1
2022 Jing, A., Gupta, K., McDade, J., Lee, G., & Billinghurst, M. (2022). Near-Gaze Visualisations of Empathic Communication Cues in Mixed Reality Collaboration. In S. N. Spencer (Ed.), Proceedings SIGGRAPH 2022 Posters (pp. 2 pages). US: ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY.
DOI Scopus7 WoS3
2022 Gumilar, I., Barde, A., Sasikumar, P., Billinghurst, M., Hayati, A. F., Lee, G., . . . Momin, A. (2022). Inter-brain Synchrony and Eye Gaze Direction During Collaboration in VR. In Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings (pp. 7 pages). United States: ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY.
DOI Scopus15 WoS8
2022 Jing, A., Gupta, K., McDade, J., Lee, G. A., & Billinghurst, M. (2022). Comparing Gaze-Supported Modalities with Empathic Mixed Reality Interfaces in Remote Collaboration. In H. Duh, I. Williams, J. Grubert, J. A. Jones, & J. Zheng (Eds.), Proceedings 2022 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Ismar 2022 (pp. 837-846). US: IEEE.
DOI Scopus22 WoS21
2022 Kim, H., Lee, G., Billinghurst, M., & Woo, W. (2022). From Meaning-making to Meaning-sharing: Participatory Interpretation in a 3D Virtual Heritage Site. In Proceedings 2022 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct Ismar Adjunct 2022 (pp. 648-653). US: IEEE COMPUTER SOC.
DOI
2022 Jing, A., Lee, G., & Billinghurst, M. (2022). Using Speech to Visualise Shared Gaze Cues in MR Remote Collaboration. In Proceedings 2022 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces VR 2022 (pp. 250-259). US: IEEE COMPUTER SOC.
DOI Scopus15 WoS13
2022 Lawrence, L. M., Lee, G., Billinghurst, M., & Rompapas, D. (2022). 3DColAR: Exploring 3D Color Selection and Surface Painting for Head Worn Augmented Reality using Hand Gestures. In Proceedings 2022 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops Vrw 2022 (pp. 974-975). US: IEEE COMPUTER SOC.
DOI Scopus5 WoS4
2022 Resnyansky, D., Billinghurst, M., & Lee, G. (2022). A Tangible Augmented Reality Programming Learning Environment for Textual Languages. In Proceedings 2022 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops Vrw 2022 (pp. 662-663). US: IEEE COMPUTER SOC.
DOI Scopus3 WoS1
2022 Ablett, D., Cunningham, A., Lee, G. A., & Thomas, B. H. (2022). Portal Rendering and Creation Interactions in Virtual Reality. In H. Duh, I. Williams, J. Grubert, J. A. Jones, & J. Zheng (Eds.), Proceedings 2022 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Ismar 2022 (pp. 160-168). US: IEEE.
DOI Scopus8 WoS6
2021 Jing, A., May, K. W., Naeem, M., Lee, G., & Billinghurst, M. (2021). EyemR-Vis: A Mixed Reality System to Visualise Bi-Directional Gaze Behavioural Cues between Remote Collaborators. In Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings (pp. 4 pages). US: ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY.
DOI Scopus9 WoS1
2021 Gumilar, I., Barde, A., Hayati, A. F., Billinghurst, M., Lee, G., Momin, A., . . . Dey, A. (2021). Connecting the Brains via Virtual Eyes : Eye-Gaze Directions and Inter-brain Synchrony in VR. In Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings (pp. 7 pages). US: ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY.
DOI Scopus3 WoS5
2021 Jing, A., May, K. W., Naeem, M., Lee, G., & Billinghurst, M. (2021). EyemR-Vis: Using Bi-Directional Gaze Behavioural Cues to Improve Mixed Reality Remote Collaboration. In Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings (pp. 7 pages). US: ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY.
DOI Scopus31 WoS18
2021 Liu, S., Lee, G., Li, Y., Piumsomboon, T., & Ens, B. (2021). Force-based foot gesture navigation in virtual reality. In S. N. Spencer (Ed.), Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology VRST (pp. 3 pages). US: ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY.
DOI Scopus5 WoS6
2021 Zou, Q., Bai, H., Zhang, Y., Lee, G., Allan, F., & Mark, B. (2021). Tool-based Asymmetric Interaction for Selection in VR. In S. N. Spencer (Ed.), Proceedings SIGGRAPH Asia 2021 Technical Communications SA 2021 (pp. 4 pages). US: ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY.
DOI Scopus4 WoS2
2021 Hart, J. D., Piumsomboon, T., Lee, G. A., Smith, R. T., & Billinghurst, M. (2021). Manipulating Avatars for Enhanced Communication in Extended Reality. In Proceedings 2021 IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Reality Icir 2021 (pp. 9-16). US: IEEE.
DOI Scopus23 WoS20
2021 Jing, A., Matthews, B., May, K., Clarke, T., Lee, G., & Billinghurst, M. (2021). EyemR-Talk: Using Speech to Visualise Shared MR Gaze Cues. In Proceedings SIGGRAPH Asia 2021 Posters SA 2021 (pp. 1-2). US: ACM.
DOI Scopus3
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2013 Lee, G. A., & Billinghurst, M. (2013). A component based framework for mobile outdoor AR applications. In Proceedings Vrcai 2013 12th ACM SIGGRAPH International Conference on Virtual Reality Continuum and Its Applications in Industry (pp. 207-210). ACM.
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2013 Budhiraja, R., Lee, G. A., & Billinghurst, M. (2013). Using a HHD with a HMD for mobile AR interaction. In 2013 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Ismar 2013 (pp. 6 pages). US: IEEE.
DOI Scopus30 WoS17
2013 Lee, G. A., & Billinghurst, M. (2013). A component based framework for mobile outdoor AR applications. In SIGGRAPH Asia 2013 Symposium on Mobile Graphics and Interactive Applications SA 2013 (pp. 1). ACM.
DOI Scopus8
2013 Budhiraja, R., Lee, G. A., & Billinghurst, M. (2013). Interaction techniques for HMD-HHD hybrid AR systems. In 2013 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Ismar 2013 (pp. 243-244). US: IEEE.
DOI Scopus16 WoS10
2013 Lee, G. A., & Billinghurst, M. (2013). Weighted integral rotation and translation for touch interaction. In SIGGRAPH Asia 2013 Posters SA 2013 (pp. 1). US: ACM.
DOI
2013 Lee, G. A., & Billinghurst, M. (2013). Building mobile AR applications using the outdoor AR library. In SIGGRAPH Asia 2013 Symposium on Mobile Graphics and Interactive Applications SA 2013 (pp. 1). US: ACM.
DOI Scopus2
2012 Lindeman, R. W., Lee, G., Beattie, L., Gamper, H., Pathinarupothi, R., & Akhilesh, A. (2012). GeoBoids: A mobile AR application for exergaming. In 11th IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality 2012 Arts Media and Humanities Papers Ismar Amh 2012 (pp. 93-94). US: IEEE.
DOI Scopus23 WoS1
2012 Lee, G. A., Dunser, A., Kim, S., & Billinghurst, M. (2012). CityViewAR: A mobile outdoor AR application for city visualization. In 11th IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality 2012 Arts Media and Humanities Papers Ismar Amh 2012 (pp. 57-64). US: IEEE.
DOI Scopus123 WoS35
2012 Lee, G. A., & Billinghurst, M. (2012). Assistive techniques for precise touch interaction in handheld augmented reality environments. In Proceedings Vrcai 2012 11th ACM SIGGRAPH International Conference on Virtual Reality Continuum and Its Applications in Industry (pp. 279-285). US: ACM.
DOI Scopus4
2012 Lee, G. A., Bai, H., & Billinghurst, M. (2012). Automatic zooming interface for tangible augmented reality applications. In Proceedings Vrcai 2012 11th ACM SIGGRAPH International Conference on Virtual Reality Continuum and Its Applications in Industry (pp. 9-12). US: ACM.
DOI Scopus7
2012 Bai, H., Lee, G. A., & Billinghurst, M. (2012). Freeze view touch and finger gesture based interaction methods for handheld augmented reality interfaces. In ACM International Conference Proceeding Series (pp. 126-131). US: ACM.
DOI Scopus35
2011 Lee, G. A., & Billinghurst, M. (2011). A user study on the Snap-To-Feature interaction method. In 2011 10th IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Ismar 2011 (pp. 245-246). US: IEEE.
DOI Scopus12 WoS2
2011 Jo, D., Kim, Y., Yang, U., Choi, J., Kim, K. H., Lee, G. A., . . . Park, Y. W. (2011). Welding representation for training under VR environments. In Proceedings of Vrcai 2011 ACM SIGGRAPH Conference on Virtual Reality Continuum and Its Applications to Industry (pp. 339-342). US: ACM.
DOI Scopus10
2011 Kim, Y., Lee, G. A., Jo, D., Yang, U., Kim, G., & Park, J. (2011). Analysis on virtual interaction-induced fatigue and difficulty in manipulation for interactive 3D gaming console. In Digest of Technical Papers IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (pp. 269-270). US: IEEE.
DOI Scopus15 WoS9
2010 Yang, U., Lee, G. A., Kim, Y., Jo, D., Choi, J., & Kim, K. H. (2010). Virtual reality based welding training simulator with 3D multimodal interaction. In A. Sourin, & O. Sourina (Eds.), Proceedings 2010 International Conference on Cyberworlds Cw 2010 (pp. 150-154). US: IEEE.
DOI Scopus22 WoS15
2009 Kim, Y., Yang, U., Jo, D., Lee, G., Choi, J., & Park, J. (2009). Efficient multi-pass welding training with haptic guide. In ACM SIGGRAPH Asia 2009 Posters SIGGRAPH Asia 09 (pp. 1). US: ACM.
DOI Scopus1
2009 Jo, D., Kim, Y., Yang, U., Lee, G. A., & Choi, J. S. (2009). Visualization of virtual weld beads. In Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology VRST (pp. 269-270). US: ACM.
DOI Scopus5
2009 Lee, G., Yang, U., Kim, Y., Jo, D., Kim, K. H., Kim, J. H., & Choi, J. S. (2009). Freeze-set-go interaction method for handheld mobile augmented reality environments. In S. N. Spencer, Y. Kitamura, H. Takemura, K. Kiyokawa, B. Lok, & D. Thalmann (Eds.), Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology, VRST (pp. 143-146). Japan: ACM.
DOI Scopus50
2008 Lee, G. A., Kang, H., & Son, W. (2008). MIRAGE: A touch screen based mixed reality interface for space planning applications. In M. Lin, A. Steed, & C. NeiraCruz (Eds.), Proceedings IEEE Virtual Reality (pp. 273-274). US: IEEE COMPUTER SOC.
DOI Scopus6 WoS2
2007 Yang, U., Lee, G. A., Shin, S., Hwang, S., & Son, W. (2007). Virtual reality based paint spray training system. In W. Sherman, M. Lin, & A. Steed (Eds.), Proceedings IEEE Virtual Reality (pp. 289-290). NC, Charlotte: IEEE.
DOI Scopus19 WoS12
2006 Lee, G. A., Yang, U., & Son, W. (2006). Layered multiple displays for immersive and interactive digital contents. In R. Harper, M. Rauterberg, & M. Combetto (Eds.), Lecture Notes in Computer Science Including Subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics Vol. 4161 LNCS (pp. 123-134). ENGLAND, Cambridge: SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN.
DOI Scopus9 WoS5
2006 Shin, S., Lee, G. A., Yang, U., & Son, W. (2006). Virtual See-through Displays: Interactive Visualization Method in Ubiquitous Computing Environments. In D. Fellner, & C. Hansen (Eds.), EUROGRAPHICS 2006: SHORT PAPERS (pp. 133-136). AUSTRIA, Austrian Acad Sci, Vienna: EUROGRAPHICS ASSOC.
2006 Jo, D., Kang, H., Lee, G. A., & Son, W. (2006). Xphere: A PC cluster based hemispherical display system. In Proceedings IEEE Virtual Reality Vol. 2006 (pp. 4-5). IEEE.
DOI Scopus5
2005 Lee, G. A., Kang, H., Jo, D. S., & Son, W. (2005). Multi-projection based hemispherical display. In ACM International Conference Proceeding Series Vol. 157 (pp. 288). ACM Press.
DOI Scopus2
2004 Lee, G. A., Billinghurst, M., & Kim, G. J. (2004). Occlusion based interaction methods for tangible augmented reality environments. In Proceedings Vrcai 2004 ACM SIGGRAPH International Conference on Virtual Reality Continuum and Its Applications in Industry (pp. 419-426). ACM Press.
DOI Scopus61
2004 Lee, G. A., Nelles, C., Billinghurst, M., & Kim, G. J. (2004). Immersive authoring of tangible augmented reality applications. In Ismar 2004 Proceedings of the Third IEEE and ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (pp. 172-181). VA, Arlington: IEEE COMPUTER SOC.
DOI Scopus155 WoS96
2002 Lee, G. A., Kim, G. J., & Park, C. M. (2002). Modeling virtual object behavior within virtual environment. In ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology Proceedings VRST (pp. 41-48). ACM.
DOI Scopus37
- Brock, A. B., Ward, M., Helton, W. S., & Billinghurst, M. (2016). A Bone Conduction Based Spatial Auditory Display as Part of a Wearable Hybrid Interface. In Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Auditory Display - ICAD 2016 (pp. 139-146). The International Community for Auditory Display.
DOI

Year Citation
2024 Zarei, T., Emery, M., Saredakis, D., Lee, G. A., Stubbs, B., Szpak, A., & Loetscher, T. (2024). 'Being there together for health': A Systematic Review on the
Feasibility, Effectiveness and Design Considerations of Immersive
Collaborative Virtual Environments in Health Applications.
  • CSIRO NGGP - UTAS - Augmented Human Operations, CSIRO-Data61, 07/08/2024 - 30/06/2029

  • Virtual agents for facilitating empathic immersive collaboration, Electronics & Telecommunications Research Institute, 01/01/2025 - 31/12/2027

  • Virtual Reality-based Building Code Assessment Training for Up-skilling of Early-career or Inexperienced Building Surveyors, Victorian Building Authority, 20/03/2025 - 30/04/2026

  • Non-verbal expression based Empathic Social Interaction, Electronics & Telecommunications Research Institute, 01/01/2023 - 31/12/2024

  • Study on Natural Human-Interaction Techniques for AR, Electronics & Telecommunications Research Institute, 01/04/2020 - 28/02/2021

  • Study of mirror based AR system for 3D digital mall service, Electronics & Telecommunications Research Institute, 01/07/2017 - 28/02/2018

  • Study on usability of natural interaction affordance techniques, Electronics & Telecommunications Research Institute, 01/08/2016 - 31/01/2017

Date Role Committee Institution Country
2025 - 2025 Member Organizing committee of the IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality 2025 IEEE Computer Society Korea, Republic of
2024 - 2025 Member Conference committee of the IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality 2024 IEEE Computer Society United States
2024 - 2024 Member Organizing committee of the ACM Interactive Surfaces and Spaces (ISS) 2024 Conference Association for Computing Machinery Canada
2023 - 2023 Member Conference committee of the IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality 2023 IEEE Computer Society Australia
2013 - 2013 Member Conference committee of the IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality 2013 IEEE Computer Society Australia

Date Role Editorial Board Name Institution Country
2025 - 2025 Member IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics - IEEE ISMAR 2025 Special Issue IEEE Computer Society United States
2024 - 2025 Member Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction - Interactive Surfaces and Spaces (ISS) Track 2024-2025 Association for Computing Machinery United States
2023 - 2023 Member IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics - IEEE ISMAR 2023 Special Issue IEEE Computer Society United States

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